2024
Noninvasive in vivo photoacoustic detection of malaria with Cytophone in Cameroon
Yadem A, Armstrong J, Sarimollaoglu M, Kiki Massa C, Ndifo J, Menyaev Y, Mbe A, Richards K, Wade M, Zeng Y, Chen R, Zhou Q, Meten E, Ntone R, Tchuedji Y, Ullah S, Galanzha E, Eteki L, Gonsu H, Biris A, Suen J, Boum Y, Zharov V, Parikh S. Noninvasive in vivo photoacoustic detection of malaria with Cytophone in Cameroon. Nature Communications 2024, 15: 9228. PMID: 39455558, PMCID: PMC11511992, DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-53243-z.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsClearance of parasitemiaDetection of malariaMalaria-infected red blood cellsDiagnosed symptomatic casesCross-sectional cohortUncomplicated malariaMalaria diagnosticsMalaria infectionRed blood cellsSymptomatic casesTarget antigenAsymptomatic reservoirCameroonian adultsFlow cytometer platformBlood samplesReservoir of infectionBlood cellsLack sensitivityLongitudinal cohortMolecular assaysMalariaIRBCPoint-of-careCohortQuantitative PCRPersistent and multiclonal malaria parasite dynamics despite extended artemether-lumefantrine treatment in children
Goodwin J, Kajubi R, Wang K, Li F, Wade M, Orukan F, Huang L, Whalen M, Aweeka F, Mwebaza N, Parikh S. Persistent and multiclonal malaria parasite dynamics despite extended artemether-lumefantrine treatment in children. Nature Communications 2024, 15: 3817. PMID: 38714692, PMCID: PMC11076639, DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48210-7.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsDay 7 lumefantrine concentrationsArtemether-lumefantrine treatmentRing-stage parasitesEarly post-treatmentEarly post-treatment periodArtemether-lumefantrineArtemisinin resistanceDay regimenMulticlonal infectionsEfficacious therapyFollow-upRandomized trialsPersistent clonesTransmission settingsEffective treatmentPost-treatment periodRegimensAntimalarial studiesStandard diagnosticsStandard 3DaysPost-treatmentChildrenTreatmentTherapy
2022
Clinical characteristics of Plasmodium falciparum infection among symptomatic patients presenting to a major urban military hospital in Cameroon
Hodson DZ, Mbarga Etoundi Y, Mbatou Nghokeng N, Mohamadou Poulibe R, Magne Djoko S, Goodwin J, Cheteug Nguesta G, Nganso T, Armstrong JN, Andrews JJ, Zhang E, Wade M, Eboumbou Moukoko CE, Boum Y, Parikh S. Clinical characteristics of Plasmodium falciparum infection among symptomatic patients presenting to a major urban military hospital in Cameroon. Malaria Journal 2022, 21: 298. PMID: 36273147, PMCID: PMC9588226, DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04315-2.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsP. falciparum infectionPopulation attributable risk percentFalciparum infectionPlasmodium falciparum infectionYears of ageClinical characteristicsUrban hospitalMilitary HospitalAttributable risk percentHigher positivity rateLikelihood ratioRapid diagnostic testsMajor urban hospitalRural African settingConclusionsThe prevalenceHigh feverSymptomatic patientsHemoglobin levelsAnemia prevalenceSevere anemiaEmergency departmentVenous samplesClinical surveyPositivity rateWHO definition
2021
Effectiveness of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine Among Residents of Two Skilled Nursing Facilities Experiencing COVID-19 Outbreaks — Connecticut, December 2020–February 2021
Britton A, Slifka K, Edens C, Nanduri SA, Bart S, Shang N, Harizaj A, Armstrong J, Xu K, Ehrlich HY, Soda E, Derado G, Verani JR, Schrag SJ, Jernigan JA, Leung VH, Parikh S. Effectiveness of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine Among Residents of Two Skilled Nursing Facilities Experiencing COVID-19 Outbreaks — Connecticut, December 2020–February 2021. MMWR Morbidity And Mortality Weekly Report 2021, 70: 396-401. PMID: 33735160, PMCID: PMC7976620, DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7011e3.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsPfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccineSkilled nursing facilitiesCOVID-19 vaccineLong-term care facilitiesSNF residentsNursing facilitiesCOVID-19 vaccine clinical trialsCOVID-19-associated morbidityEarly COVID-19 vaccinationSARS-CoV-2 infectionElectronic chart reviewVaccine effectiveness dataUnderlying medical conditionsVaccine clinical trialsCOVID-19 vaccinationPfizer-BioNTech vaccineSARS-CoV-2Long-term care programsStaff membersChart reviewFirst doseVaccination statusPartial vaccinationVaccine impactSecond dose
2020
Bordetella bronchiseptica: a rare cause of meningitis
Radcliffe C, Lier A, Doilicho N, Parikh S, Kaddouh F. Bordetella bronchiseptica: a rare cause of meningitis. BMC Infectious Diseases 2020, 20: 922. PMID: 33272197, PMCID: PMC7713019, DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05668-2.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsRare causeBaseline neurological statusSetting of immunosuppressionOnset of symptomsCerebrospinal fluid leakTraumatic cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakHospital courseMechanical fallNeurological statusRecent surgeryRespiratory infectionsUlcerative colitisUnusual causeCase presentationWeDrain placementClinical conditionsFluid leakMeningitisAnimal contactMonoclonal antibodiesAnimal exposureAerobic coccobacillusB. bronchisepticaSystematic literature reviewCauseQuantification of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity by spectrophotometry: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Pfeffer DA, Ley B, Howes RE, Adu P, Alam MS, Bansil P, Boum Y, Brito M, Charoenkwan P, Clements A, Cui L, Deng Z, Egesie OJ, Espino FE, von Fricken ME, Hamid MMA, He Y, Henriques G, Khan WA, Khim N, Kim S, Lacerda M, Lon C, Mekuria AH, Menard D, Monteiro W, Nosten F, Oo NN, Pal S, Palasuwan D, Parikh S, Pasaribu A, Poespoprodjo JR, Price DJ, Roca-Feltrer A, Roh ME, Saunders DL, Spring MD, Sutanto I, Ley-Thriemer K, Weppelmann TA, von Seidlein L, Satyagraha AW, Bancone G, Domingo GJ, Price RN. Quantification of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity by spectrophotometry: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS Medicine 2020, 17: e1003084. PMID: 32407380, PMCID: PMC7224463, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003084.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsG6PD activity measurementsG6PD activityDiagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 toolDormant liver stagesRisk of biasGlucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiencyStudy-level heterogeneityNormal control samplesReference diagnostic methodInter-study variabilityGlucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activityMalaria patientsHaematological conditionsLiver stagesRadical cureP. ovalePlasmodium vivaxPubMed searchIntermediate deficiencySystematic reviewDiagnostic thresholdMale medianStudy participantsMedian activityDiagnostic implicationsAn Individual Participant Data Population Pharmacokinetic Meta-analysis of Drug-Drug Interactions between Lumefantrine and Commonly Used Antiretroviral Treatment
Francis J, Barnes KI, Workman L, Kredo T, Vestergaard LS, Hoglund RM, Byakika-Kibwika P, Lamorde M, Walimbwa SI, Chijioke-Nwauche I, Sutherland CJ, Merry C, Scarsi KK, Nyagonde N, Lemnge MM, Khoo SH, Bygbjerg IC, Parikh S, Aweeka FT, Tarning J, Denti P. An Individual Participant Data Population Pharmacokinetic Meta-analysis of Drug-Drug Interactions between Lumefantrine and Commonly Used Antiretroviral Treatment. Antimicrobial Agents And Chemotherapy 2020, 64: 10.1128/aac.02394-19. PMID: 32071050, PMCID: PMC7179577, DOI: 10.1128/aac.02394-19.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsDrug-drug interactionsAntiretroviral therapyDolutegravir-based antiretroviral therapyPotential drug-drug interactionsDay 7 concentrationsIndividual participant dataConcomitant efavirenzLopinavir-ritonavirLumefantrine exposureLumefantrine regimenAntituberculosis treatmentUncomplicated malariaAntiretroviral treatmentHIV infectionTreatment failurePopulation pharmacokineticsLumefantrine concentrationsLarger body weightBody weightEfavirenzParticipant dataLumefantrineMalariaAdult participantsRifampin
2019
Performance of the Access Bio/CareStart rapid diagnostic test for the detection of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Ley B, Satyagraha A, Rahmat H, von Fricken ME, Douglas NM, Pfeffer DA, Espino F, von Seidlein L, Henriques G, Oo NN, Menard D, Parikh S, Bancone G, Karahalios A, Price RN. Performance of the Access Bio/CareStart rapid diagnostic test for the detection of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS Medicine 2019, 16: e1002992. PMID: 31834890, PMCID: PMC6910667, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002992.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsNegative predictive valueGlucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiencyIndividual participant dataSystematic reviewHigh negative predictive valueDehydrogenase deficiencyRandom-effects bivariate modelPrevalence of G6PDdDrug-induced haemolysisCapillary blood samplesRapid diagnostic testsPositive likelihood ratioNegative likelihood ratioLikelihood ratioVivax malariaVenous bloodEndemic settingsInclusion criteriaPooled estimatesBlood samplesRadical curePredictive valueWide geographical representationMale medianRoutine settingEfficacy and risk of harms of repeat ivermectin mass drug administrations for control of malaria (RIMDAMAL): a cluster-randomised trial
Foy BD, Alout H, Seaman JA, Rao S, Magalhaes T, Wade M, Parikh S, Soma DD, Sagna AB, Fournet F, Slater HC, Bougma R, Drabo F, Diabaté A, Coulidiaty AGV, Rouamba N, Dabiré RK. Efficacy and risk of harms of repeat ivermectin mass drug administrations for control of malaria (RIMDAMAL): a cluster-randomised trial. The Lancet 2019, 393: 1517-1526. PMID: 30878222, PMCID: PMC6459982, DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(18)32321-3.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsMass drug administrationCluster-randomised trialIntervention groupMalaria episodesControl groupDrug AdministrationDetection cohortMass administrationIvermectin mass drug administrationUncomplicated malaria episodesClinical malaria episodesMalaria transmission seasonSingle oral dosesControl of malariaAdverse eventsCumulative incidencePrimary outcomeOral dosesEligible participantsAdverse reactionsFurther dosesTwo-armExclusion criteriaTransmission seasonTreatment phase
2018
Artemether-lumefantrine dosing for malaria treatment in young children and pregnant women: A pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic meta-analysis
Kloprogge F, Workman L, Borrmann S, Tékété M, Lefèvre G, Hamed K, Piola P, Ursing J, Kofoed PE, Mårtensson A, Ngasala B, Björkman A, Ashton M, Hietala S, Aweeka F, Parikh S, Mwai L, Davis TME, Karunajeewa H, Salman S, Checchi F, Fogg C, Newton PN, Mayxay M, Deloron P, Faucher JF, Nosten F, Ashley EA, McGready R, van Vugt M, Proux S, Price RN, Karbwang J, Ezzet F, Bakshi R, Stepniewska K, White NJ, Guerin PJ, Barnes KI, Tarning J. Artemether-lumefantrine dosing for malaria treatment in young children and pregnant women: A pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic meta-analysis. PLOS Medicine 2018, 15: e1002579. PMID: 29894518, PMCID: PMC5997317, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002579.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsPregnant womenArtemether-lumefantrineCure rateClinical studiesYoung childrenCurrent standard treatment regimenUncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malariaPharmacokinetic modelAbsorption of lumefantrinePre-treatment parasitaemiaVenous plasma dataAlternative dosing regimensPlasmodium falciparum malariaStandard treatment regimenProspective clinical studyNon-pregnant adultsLow cure ratePopulation pharmacokinetic modelRelevant clinical studiesUseful therapeutic lifeFrequency of dosingConcentration-time dataHigher individual dosesLumefantrine exposureLumefantrine levels
2016
Malaria in HIV-Infected Children Receiving HIV Protease-Inhibitor- Compared with Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor-Based Antiretroviral Therapy, IMPAACT P1068s, Substudy to P1060
Hobbs CV, Gabriel EE, Kamthunzi P, Tegha G, Tauzie J, Petzold E, Barlow-Mosha L, H. BH, Li Y, Ilmet T, Kirmse B, Neal J, Parikh S, Deygoo N, Philippe P, Mofenson L, Prescott W, Chen J, Musoke P, Palumbo P, Duffy PE, Borkowsky W, Team F. Malaria in HIV-Infected Children Receiving HIV Protease-Inhibitor- Compared with Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor-Based Antiretroviral Therapy, IMPAACT P1068s, Substudy to P1060. PLOS ONE 2016, 11: e0165140. PMID: 27936233, PMCID: PMC5147802, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165140.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAntimalarialsCD4 Lymphocyte CountChildChild, PreschoolCoinfectionDrug Therapy, CombinationFemaleHIV InfectionsHIV Protease InhibitorsHIV-1HumansInfantLamivudineLopinavirMalaria, FalciparumMalawiMaleNevirapinePlasmodium falciparumReverse Transcriptase InhibitorsRitonavirViral LoadZidovudineConceptsNon-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitorAntiretroviral therapyReverse transcriptase inhibitorBlood smear microscopyHIV protease inhibitorsPositive BSTranscriptase inhibitorProtease inhibitorsClinical malaria incidenceMalaria parasite carriageMalaria-endemic settingsHIV antiretroviral therapyAnti-malarial treatmentLopinavir-ritonavirIllness visitsParasite carriageMalaria treatmentClinical studiesSmear microscopyLower riskMalaria incidenceFurther evaluationMalaria parasitesHIVMonthsScreening for Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency Using Three Detection Methods: A Cross-Sectional Survey in Southwestern Uganda.
Roh ME, Oyet C, Orikiriza P, Wade M, Mwanga-Amumpaire J, Boum Y, Kiwanuka GN, Parikh S. Screening for Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency Using Three Detection Methods: A Cross-Sectional Survey in Southwestern Uganda. American Journal Of Tropical Medicine And Hygiene 2016, 95: 1094-1099. PMID: 27672207, PMCID: PMC5094223, DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0552.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsChild, PreschoolCross-Sectional StudiesDiagnostic Tests, RoutineFemaleGene FrequencyGlucosephosphate DehydrogenaseGlucosephosphate Dehydrogenase DeficiencyHumansInfantMalariaMalaria, FalciparumMalaria, VivaxMalePoint-of-Care SystemsPrevalencePrimaquineRural PopulationSensitivity and SpecificityUgandaUrban PopulationConceptsG6PDd prevalenceGlucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiencyDehydrogenase deficiencySingle-dose primaquinePlasmodium falciparum transmissionSouthwestern UgandaPlasmodium ovale infectionNegative predictive valueMonths of ageCross-sectional surveyViable screening testOvale infectionsDiagnostic modalitiesStandard quantitative assayLow prevalenceRadical curePlasmodium vivaxPredictive valueSectional surveyCare testScreening testPrevalenceSevere deficiencyPrimaquineEnzyme activityAsymptomatic Plasmodium Infections in Children in Low Malaria Transmission Setting, Southwestern Uganda - Volume 22, Number 8—August 2016 - Emerging Infectious Diseases journal - CDC
Roh ME, Oyet C, Orikiriza P, Wade M, Kiwanuka GN, Mwanga-Amumpaire J, Parikh S, Boum Y. Asymptomatic Plasmodium Infections in Children in Low Malaria Transmission Setting, Southwestern Uganda - Volume 22, Number 8—August 2016 - Emerging Infectious Diseases journal - CDC. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2016, 22: 1494-1498. PMID: 27434741, PMCID: PMC4982177, DOI: 10.3201/eid2208.160619.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsMicroscopy-positive samplesLow malaria transmission settingsInfectious Diseases journal - CDCAsymptomatic Plasmodium infectionsMalaria transmission settingsRapid diagnostic testsP. falciparum parasitesRoutine diagnostic testingP. ovale parasitesAsymptomatic childrenPlasmodium infectionPlasmodium malariaeP. malariaeTransmission settingsFalciparum parasitesDiagnostic testingDiagnostic testsMalariaeChildrenParasitesInfectionPopulation Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Lumefantrine in Young Ugandan Children Treated With Artemether-Lumefantrine for Uncomplicated Malaria
Tchaparian E, Sambol NC, Arinaitwe E, McCormack SA, Bigira V, Wanzira H, Muhindo M, Creek DJ, Sukumar N, Blessborn D, Tappero JW, Kakuru A, Bergqvist Y, Aweeka FT, Parikh S. Population Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Lumefantrine in Young Ugandan Children Treated With Artemether-Lumefantrine for Uncomplicated Malaria. The Journal Of Infectious Diseases 2016, 214: 1243-1251. PMID: 27471317, PMCID: PMC5034953, DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw338.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsArtemether-lumefantrineRecurrent parasitemiaLumefantrine exposurePopulation pharmacokineticsUgandan childrenYoung Ugandan childrenPlasmodium falciparum malariaDay 7 concentrationsAge 6 monthsFirst-order absorptionWhole blood concentrationsYoung childrenUncomplicated malariaFalciparum malariaBlood concentrationsTreatment outcomesLumefantrine concentrationsSignificant positive correlationParasitemiaOlder childrenPharmacokineticsLumefantrineMalariaExposure levelsOpen modelAntiretroviral Choice for HIV Impacts Antimalarial Exposure and Treatment Outcomes in Ugandan Children
Parikh S, Kajubi R, Huang L, Ssebuliba J, Kiconco S, Gao Q, Li F, Were M, Kakuru A, Achan J, Mwebaza N, Aweeka FT. Antiretroviral Choice for HIV Impacts Antimalarial Exposure and Treatment Outcomes in Ugandan Children. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2016, 63: 414-422. PMID: 27143666, PMCID: PMC4946019, DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciw291.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsArtemether-lumefantrine treatmentLPV/rRecurrent malariaLumefantrine exposureDrug exposureCritical drug-drug interactionsFirst-line antiretroviral therapy regimensArtemisinin-based combination therapyLopinavir/ritonavirAntiretroviral therapy regimensPlasmodium falciparum malariaHuman immunodeficiency virusDay 7 concentrationsMalaria-endemic regionsDrug-drug interactionsAntimalarial exposureAntimalarial componentPharmacokinetic samplingArtemether-lumefantrineFalciparum malariaClinical outcomesDosing regimensTherapy regimensImmunodeficiency virusCombination therapy
2013
Pharmacokinetic Predictors for Recurrent Malaria After Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine Treatment of Uncomplicated Malaria in Ugandan Infants
Creek DJ, Bigira V, McCormack S, Arinaitwe E, Wanzira H, Kakuru A, Tappero JW, Sandison TG, Lindegardh N, Nosten F, Aweeka FT, Parikh S. Pharmacokinetic Predictors for Recurrent Malaria After Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine Treatment of Uncomplicated Malaria in Ugandan Infants. The Journal Of Infectious Diseases 2013, 207: 1646-1654. PMID: 23447696, PMCID: PMC4318925, DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit078.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsPiperaquine concentrationsRecurrent malariaDay 7TMP-SMXDihydroartemisinin-piperaquine treatmentPK/PD studiesTMP-SMX prophylaxisTrimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole prophylaxisTime of presentationPK/PD dataYears of ageYoung childrenPiperaquine exposureUgandan infantsUncomplicated malariaMalaria treatmentPharmacodynamic dataDP useDay 28PD studiesMalariaDay 63Strong associationPQ concentrationProphylaxis
2012
Population Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Piperaquine in Children With Uncomplicated Falciparum Malaria
Tarning J, Zongo I, Somé FA, Rouamba N, Parikh S, Rosenthal PJ, Hanpithakpong W, Jongrak N, Day NP, White NJ, Nosten F, Ouedraogo J, Lindegardh N. Population Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Piperaquine in Children With Uncomplicated Falciparum Malaria. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 2012, 91: 497-505. PMID: 22258469, PMCID: PMC3736305, DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2011.254.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsUncomplicated falciparum malariaFalciparum malariaPopulation pharmacokineticsThree-compartment distribution modelNonlinear mixed-effects modelingRecurrent malaria infectionsTotal piperaquine exposureArtemisinin combination treatmentWeight-normalized dosePlasma concentration-time profilesYoung childrenMixed-effects modelingConcentration-time profilesPiperaquine concentrationsPiperaquine exposureDose regimenMalaria infectionPlasma concentrationsPharmacodynamic propertiesCombination treatmentBody weightPiperaquineSignificant covariatesOlder childrenMalaria
2009
Pharmacokinetics of Artemether-Lumefantrine and Artesunate-Amodiaquine in Children in Kampala, Uganda
Mwesigwa J, Parikh S, McGee B, German P, Drysdale T, Kalyango JN, Clark TD, Dorsey G, Lindegardh N, Annerberg A, Rosenthal PJ, Kamya MR, Aweeka F. Pharmacokinetics of Artemether-Lumefantrine and Artesunate-Amodiaquine in Children in Kampala, Uganda. Antimicrobial Agents And Chemotherapy 2009, 54: 52-59. PMID: 19841149, PMCID: PMC2798532, DOI: 10.1128/aac.00679-09.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsArtemisinin-based combination therapyUncomplicated malariaActive metaboliteConcentration-time curveWorld Health OrganizationACT regimensArtesunate-AmodiaquineLast doseArtemether-lumefantrineLevel of exposureDrug regimensVenous samplingCombination therapyUgandan childrenPK parametersPharmacokinetic dataArtemisinin derivativesPK resultsOptimum dosingRegimensLumefantrineHealth OrganizationAdultsChildrenDesethylamodiaquineImpact of the Method of G6PD Deficiency Assessment on Genetic Association Studies of Malaria Susceptibility
Johnson MK, Clark TD, Njama-Meya D, Rosenthal PJ, Parikh S. Impact of the Method of G6PD Deficiency Assessment on Genetic Association Studies of Malaria Susceptibility. PLOS ONE 2009, 4: e7246. PMID: 19789650, PMCID: PMC2748715, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007246.Peer-Reviewed Original Research
2004
Host polymorphisms and the incidence of malaria in Ugandan children.
Parikh S, Dorsey G, Rosenthal PJ. Host polymorphisms and the incidence of malaria in Ugandan children. American Journal Of Tropical Medicine And Hygiene 2004, 71: 750-3. PMID: 15642965, DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2004.71.750.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsInducible nitric oxide synthaseWild-type childrenUgandan childrenLower incidenceHost polymorphismsParasite densityNitric oxide synthaseLow parasite densitiesIncidence of malariaHigh parasite densitySymptomatic malariaUncomplicated malariaTumor necrosisIncidence rateOxide synthaseHigh incidencePromoter polymorphismGlucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase AMale hemizygotesMalariaIncidencePreventative measuresGlucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenaseSickle hemoglobinDehydrogenase A