2004
Effectiveness Over Time of Varicella Vaccine
Vázquez M, LaRussa PS, Gershon AA, Niccolai LM, Muehlenbein CE, Steinberg SP, Shapiro ED. Effectiveness Over Time of Varicella Vaccine. JAMA 2004, 291: 851-855. PMID: 14970064, DOI: 10.1001/jama.291.7.851.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsTime of vaccinationVaricella vaccineVaccine effectivenessCase subjectsPolymerase chain reaction test resultsVaricella-zoster virus DNACase-control studyReaction test resultsReports of outbreaksFirst yearBreakthrough diseaseImmunized groupsActive surveillancePossible confoundersPediatric practiceVaccinationVaccineVirus DNAMonthsMost casesGroup practiceChickenpoxAgeYear 2Year 1Case-control studies of the effectiveness of vaccines: validity and assessment of potential bias
Shapiro ED. Case-control studies of the effectiveness of vaccines: validity and assessment of potential bias. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2004, 23: 127-131. PMID: 14872178, DOI: 10.1097/01.inf.0000109248.32907.1d.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAntibodies, BacterialBacterial CapsulesBiasCase-Control StudiesChild, PreschoolConfidence IntervalsFemaleHaemophilus InfectionsHaemophilus influenzae type bHaemophilus VaccinesHumansImmunityImmunization ScheduleInfantMalePolysaccharides, BacterialProbabilityReference ValuesReproducibility of ResultsSensitivity and SpecificityTreatment OutcomeVaccinationConceptsEffectiveness of vaccinesCase-control studyInvasive Hib infectionsHib vaccinePneumococcal infectionHib infectionsInvasive infectionsHaemophilus influenzae type bInvasive pneumococcal infectionsInfluenzae type bMonths of ageIdentical study designOverall 34Study 74S. pneumoniaeStreptococcus pneumoniaeVaccineInfectionStudy designHibType BPneumoniaeValid methodCasesPotential bias
2001
The Effectiveness of the Varicella Vaccine in Clinical Practice
Vázquez M, LaRussa P, Gershon A, Steinberg S, Freudigman K, Shapiro E. The Effectiveness of the Varicella Vaccine in Clinical Practice. New England Journal Of Medicine 2001, 344: 955-960. PMID: 11274621, DOI: 10.1056/nejm200103293441302.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsVaricella-zoster virusVaricella vaccinePolymerase chain reactionMild diseasePediatric practiceClinical practicePositive PCR testCase-control studyConditional logistic regressionPotential casesUnvaccinated childrenPotential confoundersActive surveillanceSevere diseaseChickenpoxDay 3VaccineLogistic regressionPCR testDiseaseChain reactionChildrenResearch assistantsIllnessVirus
1995
Risk Factors for a First Febrile Seizure: A Matched Case‐Control Study
Berg A, Shinnar S, Shapiro E, Salomon M, Crain E, Hauser W. Risk Factors for a First Febrile Seizure: A Matched Case‐Control Study. Epilepsia 1995, 36: 334-341. PMID: 7541745, DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1995.tb01006.x.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsFirst febrile seizureFebrile seizuresCase-control studyUnprovoked seizuresRisk factorsHeight of temperatureIndex visitEmergency departmentSignificant independent risk factorsMatched Case-Control StudyIndependent risk factorAcute illness episodesRoutine pediatric careUse of acetaminophenSignificant inverse associationHospital emergency departmentDate of visitFebrile controlsMaternal smokingUnderlying illnessMultivariable analysisOutpatient clinicIllness characteristicsIllness episodesPerinatal variables
1992
Serologic evidence of active Epstein-barr virus infection in epstein-barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative disorders of children with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
Katz B, Berkman A, Shapiro E. Serologic evidence of active Epstein-barr virus infection in epstein-barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative disorders of children with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The Journal Of Pediatrics 1992, 120: 228-232. PMID: 1310507, DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3476(05)80432-9.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsEpstein-Barr virusLymphocytic interstitial pneumonitisNon-Hodgkin lymphomaCase patientsImmunodeficiency syndromeControl patientsSerologic evidenceEBV infectionInterstitial pneumonitisVirus infectionIndex patientsEpstein-Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative disorderActive Epstein-Barr virus infectionEpstein-Barr virus infectionHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infectionIndex case patientsActive EBV infectionImmunodeficiency virus infectionCase-control studySpecimens of tissueVirologic evidenceLymphoproliferative disordersSerologic profilePatientsPneumonitis
1991
The Protective Efficacy of Polyvalent Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine
Shapiro E, Berg A, Austrian R, Schroeder D, Parcells V, Margolis A, Adair R, Clemens J. The Protective Efficacy of Polyvalent Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine. New England Journal Of Medicine 1991, 325: 1453-1460. PMID: 1944423, DOI: 10.1056/nejm199111213252101.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsInvasive pneumococcal infectionsPneumococcal polysaccharide vaccinePneumococcal vaccineProtective efficacyPneumococcal infectionCase patientsImmunocompetent patientsPolysaccharide vaccineVaccination historyHospital-based case-control studyPolyvalent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccineSerious pneumococcal infectionsSite of hospitalizationVaccine protective efficacyPolyvalent pneumococcal vaccineCase-control studyProspective surveillanceRandomized trialsSterile sitesPatientsS. pneumoniaeMedical careStreptococcus pneumoniaeVaccineInfection
1989
New Epidemiologic Evidence Confirming That Bias Does Not Explain the Aspirin/Reye's Syndrome Association
Forsyth B, Horwitz R, Acampora D, Shapiro E, Viscoli C, Feinstein A, Henner R, Holabird N, Jones B, Karabelas A, Kramer M, Miclette M, Wells J. New Epidemiologic Evidence Confirming That Bias Does Not Explain the Aspirin/Reye's Syndrome Association. JAMA 1989, 261: 2517-2524. PMID: 2704111, DOI: 10.1001/jama.1989.03420170061031.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsSyndrome AssociationCase subjectsMedical record review studyRecord review studyCase-control studyNew epidemiologic evidencePotential recall biasSeverity of symptomsEpidemiologic evidenceReye's syndromeEpidemiologic investigationsControl groupDiagnostic biasSusceptibility biasRecall biasBiphasic patternSyndromeAssociationReview studyPotential sourceSubjectsAspirinHospitalIllnessSymptomsAnalytic Strategies in Hospital Epidemiology: Case-Control Studies
Shapiro E. Analytic Strategies in Hospital Epidemiology: Case-Control Studies. Infection Control And Hospital Epidemiology 1989, 10: 167-169. DOI: 10.2307/30144323.Peer-Reviewed Reviews, Practice Guidelines, Standards, and Consensus Statements
1987
A COMMUNITY-BASED CASE-CONTROL STUDY OF THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THE ATTENDANDCE OF GROUP DAY CARE AND DISEASE DUE TO HAEMOPHILUS INFLUNZAE TYPE B (Hib)
Shapiro E. A COMMUNITY-BASED CASE-CONTROL STUDY OF THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THE ATTENDANDCE OF GROUP DAY CARE AND DISEASE DUE TO HAEMOPHILUS INFLUNZAE TYPE B (Hib). Pediatric Research 1987, 21: 262-262. DOI: 10.1203/00006450-198704010-00569.Peer-Reviewed Original Research
1986
Does breast-feeding protect against infections in infants less than 3 months of age?
Leventhal J, Shapiro E, Aten C, Berg A, Egerter S. Does breast-feeding protect against infections in infants less than 3 months of age? Pediatrics 1986, 78: 896-903. PMID: 3093969, DOI: 10.1542/peds.78.5.896.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsCase-control pairsSurveillance biasOdds ratioProtective effectYale-New Haven HospitalBreast-feeding protectsPotential surveillance biasTime of hospitalizationSeverity of illnessBreast-fed infantsCase-control studyApparent protective effectMonths of ageLogistic regression modelsDays of ageMild illnessInfectious illnessPotential confoundersHealthy childrenMedical conditionsStratified resultsSerious illnessInfantsIllnessInfection
1984
Resolving the Pneumococcal Vaccine Controversy: Are There Alternatives to Randomized Clinical Trials?
Clemens J, Shapiro E. Resolving the Pneumococcal Vaccine Controversy: Are There Alternatives to Randomized Clinical Trials? Clinical Infectious Diseases 1984, 6: 589-600. PMID: 6390636, DOI: 10.1093/clinids/6.5.589.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchA controlled evaluation of the protective efficacy of pneumococcal vaccine for patients at high risk of serious pneumococcal infections.
Shapiro E, Clemens J. A controlled evaluation of the protective efficacy of pneumococcal vaccine for patients at high risk of serious pneumococcal infections. Annals Of Internal Medicine 1984, 101: 325-30. PMID: 6380367, DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-101-3-325.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsIncreased risk of pneumococcal infectionRisk of pneumococcal infectionEfficacy of pneumococcal vaccineSystemic pneumococcal infectionPneumococcal infectionPneumococcal vaccineVaccine protective efficacyIncreased riskProtective efficacyCase-control studyOdds ratioVaccine efficacyHigh riskMatched controlsPatientsInfectionConfounding variablesEfficacyVaccine