Drug smoking, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, and immunosuppression increase risk of bacterial pneumonia in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive injection drug users.
Caiaffa W, Vlahov D, Graham N, Astemborski J, Solomon L, Nelson K, Muñoz A. Drug smoking, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, and immunosuppression increase risk of bacterial pneumonia in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive injection drug users. American Journal Of Respiratory And Critical Care Medicine 1994, 150: 1493-1498. PMID: 7952605, DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.150.6.7952605.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdultAIDS-Related Opportunistic InfectionsCocaineCohort StudiesCrack CocaineFemaleHIV SeronegativityHIV SeropositivityHIV-1HumansImmunocompromised HostIncidenceMaleMarijuana SmokingOdds RatioPneumoniaPneumonia, PneumocystisRisk FactorsSmokingSubstance Abuse, IntravenousSubstance-Related DisordersConceptsInjection drug usersPneumocystis carinii pneumoniaHIV-seropositive injection drug usersBacterial pneumoniaOdds ratioCarinii pneumoniaCigarette smokingFirst episodeDrug usersIllicit drugsSeropositive injection drug usersCD4 lymphocyte countHIV-seronegative subjectsMedical record reviewHuman immunodeficiency virusCells/Conditional logistic regressionSeronegative subjectsCohort studyLymphocyte countRecord reviewImmunodeficiency virusControl subjectsRisk factorsUnivariate analysis