2001
Needle-exchange participation, effectiveness, and policy: Syringe relay, gender, and the paradox of public health
Valente T, Foreman R, Junge B, Vlahov D. Needle-exchange participation, effectiveness, and policy: Syringe relay, gender, and the paradox of public health. Journal Of Urban Health 2001, 78: 340-349. PMID: 11419584, PMCID: PMC3456352, DOI: 10.1093/jurban/78.2.340.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdultBaltimoreCommerceCommunity Health PlanningCounselingFemaleHealth BehaviorHealth EducationHIV InfectionsHumansInterpersonal RelationsMaleMiddle AgedNeedle-Exchange ProgramsOrganizational ObjectivesProgram EvaluationSocial SupportSubstance Abuse, IntravenousSurveys and QuestionnairesSyringesUrban HealthConceptsNeedle exchange programsNEP useIntravenous drug usersBaltimore Needle Exchange ProgramPublic health goalsHIV seroconversionHIV protectionDrug usersHealth goalsVirus transmission rateHigh usersDuration of contactPublic healthEducation effortsCirculation timeMost studiesRelay activityExclusive useParticipantsSeroconversionHIVVisitsWomenSex Differences in Risk Factors for HIV Seroconversion Among Injection Drug Users: A 10-Year Perspective
Strathdee S, Galai N, Safaiean M, Celentano D, Vlahov D, Johnson L, Nelson K. Sex Differences in Risk Factors for HIV Seroconversion Among Injection Drug Users: A 10-Year Perspective. JAMA Internal Medicine 2001, 161: 1281-1288. PMID: 11371255, DOI: 10.1001/archinte.161.10.1281.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsInjection drug usersIncidence of HIVHIV seroconversionRisk factorsProspective studyDrug usersHigh-risk heterosexual activityHuman immunodeficiency virus interventionsHIV-negative injection drug usersHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infectionFemale injection drug usersImmunodeficiency virus infectionInjection drug useDrug-related risksHomosexual activityTime-dependent covariatesHIV testMedian agePerson yearsDaily injectionsNeedle sharingCocaine injectionHIV riskVirus infectionSeroconversionHuman Immunodeficiency Virus Seroconversion and Evolution of the Hepatitis C Virus Quasispecies
Mao Q, Ray S, Laeyendecker O, Ticehurst J, Strathdee S, Vlahov D, Thomas D. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Seroconversion and Evolution of the Hepatitis C Virus Quasispecies. Journal Of Virology 2001, 75: 3259-3267. PMID: 11238852, PMCID: PMC114119, DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.7.3259-3267.2001.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsHuman immunodeficiency virusHCV quasispeciesHypervariable region 1HIV seroconversionChronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infectionE2 hypervariable region 1Hepatitis C virus infectionHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seroconversionRapid HIV disease progressionHepatitis C virus quasispeciesHIV infection altersHIV-associated diseaseChronic HCV infectionC virus infectionHIV disease progressionHCV infectionHCV RNASerum levelsLiver diseaseImmunodeficiency virusDisease progressionRapid progressionVirus infectionNumber of subjectsHCV sequences
2000
The prevalence of homelessness among injection drug users with and without HIV infection
Song J, Safaeian M, Strathdee S, Vlahov D, Celentano D. The prevalence of homelessness among injection drug users with and without HIV infection. Journal Of Urban Health 2000, 77: 678-687. PMID: 11194310, PMCID: PMC3456762, DOI: 10.1007/bf02344031.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsHuman immunodeficiency virusInjection drug usersInjection drug useIndependent predictorsDrug usersDrug useActive injection drug useLongitudinal cohort studyCross-sectional studyHIV/AIDSCross-sectional investigationHIV seroconversionCohort studyHIV seroprevalenceHIV infectionPrevalence of homelessnessImmunodeficiency virusMale sexLogistic regressionPrevalenceParticipantsMore experiencePredictorsSeroconversionSerostatus
1997
Long-term Perspective on the Prevalent-Cohort Biases in Studies of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Progression
Alcabes P, Pezzotti P, Phillips A, Rezza G, Vlahov D. Long-term Perspective on the Prevalent-Cohort Biases in Studies of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Progression. American Journal Of Epidemiology 1997, 146: 543-551. PMID: 9326431, DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009312.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsPSP cohortRelative riskSeroincident cohortHIV infectionPrevalent cohortAIDS riskAcquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) diagnosisHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infectionDisease Control case definitionHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV) progressionImmunodeficiency syndrome diagnosisImmunodeficiency virus infectionPrevalent HIV infectionProportional hazards regressionAmbulatory care clinicsRate of progressionStudies of cohortsItalian National RegistryAIDS-free subjectsObserved relative riskSeroconversion datesHIV seroconversionCare clinicsHazards regressionNational registry
1996
Effect of Human Immunodeficiency Virus on Hepatitis C Virus Infection among Injecting Drug Users
Thomas D, Shih J, Alter H, Vlahov D, Cohn S, Hoover D, Cheung L, Nelson K. Effect of Human Immunodeficiency Virus on Hepatitis C Virus Infection among Injecting Drug Users. The Journal Of Infectious Diseases 1996, 174: 690-695. PMID: 8843204, DOI: 10.1093/infdis/174.4.690.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsSerum HCV RNA concentrationHepatitis C virus infectionC virus infectionHCV RNA concentrationHIV infectionVirus infectionAlanine aminotransferaseDrug usersHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV) immunosuppressionCD4 cells/HIV-negative patientsHIV-positive IDUsStage of HIVCD4 lymphocyte countHCV RNA levelsSerum ALT levelsHIV-negative participantsHuman immunodeficiency virusInjecting Drug UsersRNA concentrationSemiannual visitsALT levelsHCV infectionHIV RNAHIV seroconversionAlcohol Use and T‐Lymphocyte Subsets among Injection Drug Users with HIV‐1 Infection: A Prospective Analysis
Crum R, Galai N, Cohn S, Celentano D, Vlahov D. Alcohol Use and T‐Lymphocyte Subsets among Injection Drug Users with HIV‐1 Infection: A Prospective Analysis. Alcohol Clinical And Experimental Research 1996, 20: 364-371. PMID: 8730231, DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1996.tb01654.x.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsInjection drug usersCohort of IDUsT lymphocyte subsetsDrinks/weekHIV seroconversionAlcohol useYears postseroconversionDrug usersAlcohol categoriesHIV-positive injection drug usersCD8 absolute countsHIV-1 seroconvertersProgression of immunodeficiencyLevels of CD4Intravenous drug useT lymphocyte subpopulationsFirst prospective studyHIV-1 infectionTime of seroconversionSignificant differencesEarly intervention programsHIV infectionHIV progressionOutpatient clinicProspective studyDifferences in the Incidence of Hepatitis B and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infections among Injecting Drug Users
Levine O, Vlahov D, Brookmeyer R, Cohn S, Nelson K. Differences in the Incidence of Hepatitis B and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infections among Injecting Drug Users. The Journal Of Infectious Diseases 1996, 173: 579-583. PMID: 8627020, DOI: 10.1093/infdis/173.3.579.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsHepatitis B virusHBV seroconversionOutcome measuresDrug usersHuman immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) seroconversionIncident hepatitis B virusHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infectionHIV seroconversion ratesHIV-seronegative IDUsSubsequent HIV seroconversionImmunodeficiency virus infectionInjecting Drug UsersSurrogate outcome measureImportant outcome measureNeedle exchange programsMale IDUsHIV seroconversionIncident HIVSeroconversion ratesHepatitis BHIV infectionFemale IDUsB virusVirus infectionSeroconversionTemporal Trends of Initial CD4 Cell Counts Following Human Immunodeficiency Virus Seroconversion in Italy, 1985–1992
Galai N, Lepri A, Vlahov D, Pezzotti P, Sinicco A, Rezza G, Study H. Temporal Trends of Initial CD4 Cell Counts Following Human Immunodeficiency Virus Seroconversion in Italy, 1985–1992. American Journal Of Epidemiology 1996, 143: 278-282. PMID: 8561162, DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008739.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsCD4 cell measurementsInitial CD4 cell countHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seroconversionCD4 cell countCell countCD4 cell count increaseItalian Seroconversion StudyLow CD4 countMonths of seroconversionYear of seroconversionCD4 cell levelsCell count increaseMedian lag timeCD4 countCD4 levelsHIV seroconversionPositive serologyNegative serologyHIV seroconvertersClinical centersRisk groupsSeroconversion StudySeroconversionMultivariate modelLag time
1995
Recent Infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Possible Rapid Loss of CD4 T Lymphocytes.
Holmberg S, Conley L, Luby S, Cohn S, Wong L, Vlahov D. Recent Infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Possible Rapid Loss of CD4 T Lymphocytes. JAIDS Journal Of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 1995, 9: 291. PMID: 7788428, DOI: 10.1097/00042560-199507000-00011.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsHuman immunodeficiency virusCD4 T lymphocytesObservational cohort studyT lymphocytesCell countHIV seroconversionCohort studyHIV infectionImmunodeficiency virusOngoing observational cohort studyEarlier calendar yearsMore rapid declineLow CD4Mean CD4Recent infectionHIV-1CD4Drug usersBisexual menInfectionSeroconversionCalendar yearLymphocytesRapid lossFirst yearClinical characteristics and prognostic value of acute retroviral syndrome among injecting drug users
Dorrucci M, Rezza G, Vlahov D, Pezzotti P, Sinicco A, Nicolosi A, Lazzarin A, Galai N, Gafà S, Pristerà R. Clinical characteristics and prognostic value of acute retroviral syndrome among injecting drug users. AIDS 1995, 9: 597-604. PMID: 7662199, DOI: 10.1097/00002030-199506000-00011.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsAcute retroviral syndromeHIV infectionHIV seroconvertersRelative hazardDrug usersFirst positive HIV testYear of seroconversionPositive HIV testRate of CD4Kaplan-Meier estimatesCumulative AIDS incidenceAsymptomatic seroconvertersHIV seroconversionClinical characteristicsHIV testClinical progressionPrognostic valueProspective studyClinical centersSeroconvertersCell declineSeroconversionCell countSyndromeNatural history
1994
Field effectiveness of needle disinfection among injecting drug users.
Vlahov D, Astemborski J, Solomon L, Nelson K. Field effectiveness of needle disinfection among injecting drug users. JAIDS Journal Of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 1994, 7: 760-6. PMID: 8207660.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsHIV seroconversionOdds ratioDrug usersNeedle disinfectionPutative protective effectCase-control studyCorresponding odds ratiosSterile injection equipmentDisinfectant useInjection equipmentLimited statistical powerStudy entryHIV seroconvertersResidual confoundingPossible confoundersCocaine injectionProtective effectSeroconversionDrug useUse of disinfectantsBlack heterosexualsPractice variablesField effectivenessSeroconvertersSeronegativesPreparations for AIDS vaccine trials. Incident human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections in a cohort of injection drug users in Baltimore, Maryland.
Nelson K, Vlahov D, Galai N, Astemborski J, Solomon L. Preparations for AIDS vaccine trials. Incident human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections in a cohort of injection drug users in Baltimore, Maryland. AIDS Research And Human Retroviruses 1994, 10 Suppl 2: s201-5. PMID: 7865301.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsInjection drug usersHIV incidenceIncident human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infectionsDrug usersHIV vaccine trial participationHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infectionRisk behaviorsCohort of IDUsHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccinesHIV-seronegative subjectsHigh HIV incidenceImmunodeficiency virus infectionAIDS vaccine trialsVaccine trial participationImmunodeficiency virus vaccinesHigh-risk behaviorsHIV seroconversionAnnual incidenceHIV vaccineNeedle sharingTrial participationVaccine trialsVirus vaccineVirus infectionStudy subjects
1993
Differences in Risk Factors for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Seroconversion among Male and Female Intravenous Drug Users
Solomon L, Astemborski J, Warren D, Muñoz A, Cohn S, Vlahov D, Nelson K. Differences in Risk Factors for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Seroconversion among Male and Female Intravenous Drug Users. American Journal Of Epidemiology 1993, 137: 892-898. PMID: 8484380, DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116750.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsIntravenous drug usersHuman immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) seroconversionDrug usersSeronegative controlsRisk factorsFemale intravenous drug usersMale intravenous drug usersSex-specific risk factorsCurrent intravenous drug useHIV-seronegative controlsIntravenous drug useRisk of seroconversionRisk factor dataCase-control studyAge 18 yearsConditional logistic regression techniquesTime of interviewMore sex partnersSeroconversion statusSeroconversion visitHIV seroconversionHIV infectionStudy entrySexual transmissionSeroconversion
1991
New Evidence on Intravenous Cocaine Use and the Risk of Infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1
Anthony J, Vlahov D, Nelson K, Conn S, Astemborski J, Solomon L. New Evidence on Intravenous Cocaine Use and the Risk of Infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. American Journal Of Epidemiology 1991, 134: 1175-1189. PMID: 1746528, DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116021.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdolescentAdultBaltimoreBiasCausalityCocaineConfounding Factors, EpidemiologicFemaleHealth BehaviorHIV InfectionsHIV SeroprevalenceHIV-1HumansLogistic ModelsMiddle AgedPredictive Value of TestsPrevalenceProspective StudiesSexual BehaviorSubstance Abuse, IntravenousSurveys and QuestionnairesConceptsIntravenous drug usersDrug treatment programsCocaine injectorsDrug usersHIV seroprevalenceHIV infectionHuman immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infectionTreatment programActive intravenous drug usersHuman immunodeficiency virus type 1Virus type 1 infectionImmunodeficiency virus type 1Preliminary prospective dataIntravenous cocaine useType 1 infectionReceptive anal intercourseMultiple logistic regressionRisk of infectionVirus type 1HIV seroconversionPresent studyExcess riskProspective dataIntravenous usePresent study sampleHIV SEROCONVERSION AND DISINFECTION OF INJECTION EQUIPMENT AMONG INTRAVENOUS DRUG USERS, BALTIMORE, MARYLAND
Vlahov D, Muntoz A, Celentano D, Cohn S, Anthony J, Chiicoat H, Nelson K. HIV SEROCONVERSION AND DISINFECTION OF INJECTION EQUIPMENT AMONG INTRAVENOUS DRUG USERS, BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. Epidemiology 1991, 2: 444-446. PMID: 1790197, DOI: 10.1097/00001648-199111000-00010.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsIntravenous drug usersDrug usersHIV seroconversionProtective effectUse of disinfectantsPutative protective effectCase-control studyCorresponding odds ratiosOdds of seroconversionDisinfectant useLimited protective effectUse of cocaineStudy entryHIV seroconvertersOdds ratioSeroconversionInjection equipmentOddsSeroconvertersSeronegativesDisinfectants