1997
Tobacco, Alcohol, and Socioeconomic Status and Adenocarcinomas of the Esophagus and Gastric Cardia
Gammon M, Ahsan H, Schoenberg J, West A, Rotterdam H, Niwa S, Blot W, Risch H, Dubrow R, Mayne S, Vaughan T, Stanford J, Farrow D, Chow W, Fraumeni J. Tobacco, Alcohol, and Socioeconomic Status and Adenocarcinomas of the Esophagus and Gastric Cardia. Journal Of The National Cancer Institute 1997, 89: 1277-1284. PMID: 9293918, DOI: 10.1093/jnci/89.17.1277.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsEsophageal squamous cell carcinomaGastric cardiaSquamous cell carcinomaCell carcinomaGastric adenocarcinomaRisk factorsTumor typesNoncardia gastric adenocarcinomaDuration of smokingCurrent cigarette smokersRisk of esophagealMajor risk factorCase-control studyGastric cardia adenocarcinomaEarly-stage carcinogenesisCigarette smokersHigher ORsControl subjectsIncidence rateSimilar ORsCardia adenocarcinomaEstimates of riskAdenocarcinomaCardiaSmoking
1993
Are Female Smokers at Higher Risk for Lung Cancer than Male Smokers?
Risch H, Howe G, Jain M, Burch J, Holowaty E, Miller A. Are Female Smokers at Higher Risk for Lung Cancer than Male Smokers? American Journal Of Epidemiology 1993, 138: 281-293. PMID: 8395141, DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116857.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsLung cancerOdds ratioElevated riskGreater smoking cessationHigher elevated riskCase-control studyHigher odds ratioLife-style factorsArea of residenceHistologic groupingsMale smokersFemale smokersCigarette smokingSmoking cessationCancer casesHigh riskCigarette consumptionDetailed questioningLifelong historySmokersTobacco productsCancerDuration of timeMale-female differencesSmoking