2025
Short‐Term Associations Between Ambient Ozone and Acute Myocardial Infarction Onset Among Younger Patients: Results From the VIRGO Study
Zhang S, Chu L, Lu Y, Wei J, Dubrow R, Chaudhry S, Spatz E, Krumholz H, Chen K. Short‐Term Associations Between Ambient Ozone and Acute Myocardial Infarction Onset Among Younger Patients: Results From the VIRGO Study. GeoHealth 2025, 9: e2024gh001234. PMID: 39968338, PMCID: PMC11833228, DOI: 10.1029/2024gh001234.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchAcute myocardial infarction subtypeShort-term associationsAcute myocardial infarctionAcute myocardial infarction onsetAMI riskEffect modificationAssociated with increased AMI riskParticipant's home addressNon-Hispanic blacksNon-ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarctionNon-Hispanic whitesCase-crossover designType 1 AMIConditional logistic regressionIncreased AMI riskMyocardial infarction onsetType 2 AMIAcute myocardial infarction patientsST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarctionLifestyle factorsSociodemographic statusHome addressUS hospitalsStratified analysisSpatiotemporal deep learning approachDepression and Low Social Support Mediate the Association of Marital Stress and 12-Month Cardiac-Specific Quality of Life in Young Adults With Acute Myocardial Infarction
Zhu C, Dreyer R, Li F, Spatz E, Caraballo C, Mahajan S, Raparelli V, Leifheit E, Lu Y, Krumholz H, Spertus J, D’Onofrio G, Pilote L, Lichtman J. Depression and Low Social Support Mediate the Association of Marital Stress and 12-Month Cardiac-Specific Quality of Life in Young Adults With Acute Myocardial Infarction. 2025, 87: 129-137. PMID: 39909011, DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000001363.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsLow social supportCardiac-specific quality of lifeNatural direct effectSocial supportMonths post-AMIQuality of lifeAcute myocardial infarctionMarital stressComprehensive secondary preventive strategySignificant depressive symptomsPost-AMISecondary prevention strategiesYoung adultsMyocardial infarctionSociodemographic factorsDepressive symptomsAMI survivorsCovariate adjustmentPrevention strategiesSelf-reportContinuous scoresQoLBaseline QoLCategorical depressionDepression
2024
Association of marital/partner status with hospital readmission among young adults with acute myocardial infarction.
Zhu C, Dreyer R, Li F, Spatz E, Caraballo C, Mahajan S, Raparelli V, Leifheit E, Lu Y, Krumholz H, Spertus J, D'Onofrio G, Pilote L, Lichtman J. Association of marital/partner status with hospital readmission among young adults with acute myocardial infarction. PLOS ONE 2024, 19: e0287949. PMID: 38277368, PMCID: PMC10817183, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287949.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsMarital/partner statusPsychosocial factorsAcute myocardial infarctionYoung adultsHospital dischargeYear of hospital dischargeYoung acute myocardial infarctionAssociated with 1.3-foldCohort of young adultsLong-term readmissionCox proportional hazards modelsStatus interactionSimilar-aged menMyocardial infarctionProportional hazards modelUnpartnered statusPatient interviewsPhysician panelCardiovascular healthHospital readmissionSocioeconomic factorsAMI survivorsSequential adjustmentCardiac readmissionMultiple imputation
2023
Impact of Marital Stress on 1‐Year Health Outcomes Among Young Adults With Acute Myocardial Infarction
Zhu C, Dreyer R, Li F, Spatz E, Caraballo‐Cordovez C, Mahajan S, Raparelli V, Leifheit E, Lu Y, Krumholz H, Spertus J, D'Onofrio G, Pilote L, Lichtman J. Impact of Marital Stress on 1‐Year Health Outcomes Among Young Adults With Acute Myocardial Infarction. Journal Of The American Heart Association 2023, 12: e030031. PMID: 37589125, PMCID: PMC10547344, DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.030031.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsAcute myocardial infarctionCardiac-specific qualityGeneric health statusMyocardial infarctionBaseline healthMarital stressHealth outcomesHealth statusWorse patient-reported outcomesMental healthYoung adultsObservational cohort studyPatient-reported outcomesSocioeconomic factorsWorse mental healthReadmission 1Cause readmissionCohort studyYounger patientsRoutine screeningDepressive symptomsGreater oddsAnginaMale participantsOutcomesAssociation of Population Well-Being With Cardiovascular Outcomes
Spatz E, Roy B, Riley C, Witters D, Herrin J. Association of Population Well-Being With Cardiovascular Outcomes. JAMA Network Open 2023, 6: e2321740. PMID: 37405774, PMCID: PMC10323707, DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.21740.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsPopulation health factorsCVD mortalityCoronary heart diseaseCross-sectional studyHeart diseaseCardiovascular diseaseSecondary outcomesHealth factorsCardiovascular outcomesHeart failureCardiovascular healthMortality rateCounty-level ratesLower CVD mortalityTotal CVD mortalityCardiovascular death ratesAcute myocardial infarctionTotal heart diseaseEffect sizePrimary outcomeHighest quintileLowest quintileMyocardial infarctionNational HealthMAIN OUTCOMESex Difference in Outcomes of Acute Myocardial Infarction in Young Patients
Sawano M, Lu Y, Caraballo C, Mahajan S, Dreyer R, Lichtman J, D'Onofrio G, Spatz E, Khera R, Onuma O, Murugiah K, Spertus J, Krumholz H. Sex Difference in Outcomes of Acute Myocardial Infarction in Young Patients. Journal Of The American College Of Cardiology 2023, 81: 1797-1806. PMID: 37137590, DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2023.03.383.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsAcute myocardial infarctionNoncardiac hospitalizationsSubdistribution HRYounger patientsMyocardial infarctionSex differencesYoung womenCause-specific hospitalizationsCause of hospitalizationWorse health statusSignificant sex disparityNoncardiovascular hospitalizationsVIRGO StudyIndex episodeAdverse outcomesIncidence rateHospitalizationHigh riskSex disparitiesHealth statusPatientsU.S. hospitalsWomenInfarctionOutcomes
2022
The association of marital/partner status with patient-reported health outcomes following acute myocardial infarction or stroke: Protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis
Zhu C, Tran P, Leifheit E, Spatz E, Dreyer R, Nyhan K, Wang S, Goldstein L, Lichtman J. The association of marital/partner status with patient-reported health outcomes following acute myocardial infarction or stroke: Protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS ONE 2022, 17: e0267771. PMID: 36378664, PMCID: PMC9665376, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267771.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsPatient-reported outcome measuresAcute myocardial infarctionMarital/partner statusPartner statusMyocardial infarctionHealth outcomesPatient-reported health outcomesPROSPERO registration numberRisk of biasPatient-centered factorsPeer-reviewed journalsPrimary outcomeSubgroup analysisThird reviewerOutcome measuresRegistration numberLower mortalitySystematic reviewEthics approvalStrokePartner supportMale participantsInfarctionFull textOutcomes
2019
Association of Diabetes Mellitus With Health Status Outcomes in Young Women and Men After Acute Myocardial Infarction: Results From the VIRGO Study
Ding Q, Funk M, Spatz ES, Whittemore R, Lin H, Lipska KJ, Dreyer RP, Spertus JA, Krumholz HM. Association of Diabetes Mellitus With Health Status Outcomes in Young Women and Men After Acute Myocardial Infarction: Results From the VIRGO Study. Journal Of The American Heart Association 2019, 8: e010988. PMID: 31441351, PMCID: PMC6755841, DOI: 10.1161/jaha.118.010988.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdolescentAdultAge FactorsDiabetes MellitusFemaleHealth StatusHealth Status IndicatorsHumansMaleMental HealthMiddle AgedMyocardial InfarctionPatient Reported Outcome MeasuresPredictive Value of TestsPrevalencePrognosisQuality of LifeRecovery of FunctionRisk AssessmentRisk FactorsSex FactorsSpainTime FactorsUnited StatesYoung AdultConceptsAcute myocardial infarctionEuroQol visual analogue scaleSeattle Angina QuestionnaireDiabetes mellitusForm Health SurveyHealth status outcomesHealth statusVIRGO StudyAnalog scaleMyocardial infarctionHealth SurveyStatus outcomesYoung adultsSAQ angina frequencyCardiovascular risk factorsHealth status scoresRisk of mortalityWorse health statusPoor health statusQuality of lifeWorse anginaAngina QuestionnaireClinical characteristicsHealthcare useStatus scoreApplication of the VIRGO taxonomy to differentiate acute myocardial infarction in young women
Sciria CT, Dreyer RP, D'Onofrio G, Safdar B, Krumholz HM, Spatz ES. Application of the VIRGO taxonomy to differentiate acute myocardial infarction in young women. International Journal Of Cardiology 2019, 288: 5-11. PMID: 31031078, DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2019.03.054.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsCoronary artery diseaseCardiac catheterizationYoung womenNon-obstructive coronary artery diseaseSingle-center retrospective chart reviewYoung AMI Patients (VIRGO) studyObstructive coronary artery diseaseRetrospective chart reviewAcute myocardial infarctionProportion of womenUniversal definitionIndex admissionChart reviewArtery diseaseConsecutive womenMyocardial infarctionTreatment strategiesCatheterizationMore young womenType 2Type 1Class IType 4BWomenPatient studiesTrends in Performance and Opportunities for Improvement on a Composite Measure of Acute Myocardial Infarction Care
Desai NR, Udell JA, Wang Y, Spatz ES, Dharmarajan K, Ahmad T, Julien HM, Annapureddy A, Goyal A, de Lemos JA, Masoudi FA, Bhatt DL, Minges KE, Krumholz HM, Curtis JP. Trends in Performance and Opportunities for Improvement on a Composite Measure of Acute Myocardial Infarction Care. Circulation Cardiovascular Quality And Outcomes 2019, 12: e004983. PMID: 30871375, DOI: 10.1161/circoutcomes.118.004983.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAgedCardiology Service, HospitalFemaleGuideline AdherenceHealthcare DisparitiesHumansMaleMiddle AgedMyocardial InfarctionOutcome and Process Assessment, Health CarePractice Guidelines as TopicQuality ImprovementQuality Indicators, Health CareRacial GroupsRegistriesSex FactorsSocioeconomic FactorsTreatment OutcomeUnited StatesConceptsProportion of patientsAcute myocardial infarctionDefect-free careHispanic patientsAMI careOlder patientsCare measuresNational Cardiovascular Data Registry Acute Coronary TreatmentIntervention Outcomes Network RegistryAcute myocardial infarction careGuideline-recommended pharmacotherapyMedicaid insurance coverageSociodemographic groupsMyocardial infarction careSafety-net statusGreatest absolute improvementComposite measureQuality of careHospital-level performanceCessation counselingEvidence-based processReperfusion therapyCardiac rehabilitationCoronary TreatmentVentricular functionRelationship Between Patient-Reported Hospital Experience and 30-Day Mortality and Readmission Rates for Acute Myocardial Infarction, Heart Failure, and Pneumonia
Dong N, Eisenberg JD, Dharmarajan K, Spatz ES, Desai NR. Relationship Between Patient-Reported Hospital Experience and 30-Day Mortality and Readmission Rates for Acute Myocardial Infarction, Heart Failure, and Pneumonia. Journal Of General Internal Medicine 2019, 34: 526-528. PMID: 30746641, PMCID: PMC6446004, DOI: 10.1007/s11606-018-4746-6.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsAcute myocardial infarctionReadmission ratesHeart failureMyocardial infarctionHospital experiencePneumoniaInfarctionPatientsMortality
2018
Sex Differences in Omega‐3 and ‐6 Fatty Acids and Health Status Among Young Adults With Acute Myocardial Infarction: Results From the VIRGO Study
Lu Y, Ding Q, Xu X, Spatz ES, Dreyer RP, D'Onofrio G, Caulfield M, Nasir K, Spertus JA, Krumholz HM. Sex Differences in Omega‐3 and ‐6 Fatty Acids and Health Status Among Young Adults With Acute Myocardial Infarction: Results From the VIRGO Study. Journal Of The American Heart Association 2018, 7: e008189. PMID: 29848494, PMCID: PMC6015388, DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.008189.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsAcute myocardial infarctionHealth status scoresArachidonic acidVIRGO StudyStatus scoreMyocardial infarctionHealth statusPoorer health status outcomesYoung menPatient-reported health statusYoung womenOmega-3 fatty acidsSex differencesPatient-reported outcomesFatty acidsHealth status outcomesCardiovascular outcomesClinical characteristicsAdjusted analysisAMI patientsRisk factorsUS adultsStatus outcomesOmega-3Women 1Traditional Chinese Medicine for Acute Myocardial Infarction in Western Medicine Hospitals in China
Spatz ES, Wang Y, Beckman AL, Wu X, Lu Y, Du X, Li J, Xu X, Davidson PM, Masoudi FA, Spertus JA, Krumholz HM, Jiang L. Traditional Chinese Medicine for Acute Myocardial Infarction in Western Medicine Hospitals in China. Circulation Cardiovascular Quality And Outcomes 2018, 11: e004190. PMID: 29848478, PMCID: PMC5882246, DOI: 10.1161/circoutcomes.117.004190.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsAcute myocardial infarctionTraditional Chinese medicineTCM useWestern Medicine HospitalMyocardial infarctionHospital bleedingMedicine HospitalChinese medicineCardiovascular risk factorsHospital-level factorsHours of hospitalizationMultivariable hierarchical modelsQuality of careLack of evidenceChart reviewChina PatientRetrospective studySecondary hospitalsEarly managementRisk factorsIntravenous useCardiovascular diseasePatientsSignificant associationHospitalSex Differences in Timeliness of Reperfusion in Young Patients With ST‐Segment–Elevation Myocardial Infarction by Initial Electrocardiographic Characteristics
Gupta A, Barrabes JA, Strait K, Bueno H, Porta‐Sánchez A, Acosta‐Vélez J, Lidón R, Spatz E, Geda M, Dreyer RP, Lorenze N, Lichtman J, D'Onofrio G, Krumholz HM. Sex Differences in Timeliness of Reperfusion in Young Patients With ST‐Segment–Elevation Myocardial Infarction by Initial Electrocardiographic Characteristics. Journal Of The American Heart Association 2018, 7: e007021. PMID: 29514807, PMCID: PMC5907538, DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.007021.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdolescentAdultAge of OnsetElectrocardiographyFemaleHealthcare DisparitiesHumansMaleMiddle AgedMyocardial ReperfusionPredictive Value of TestsProspective StudiesRisk AssessmentRisk FactorsSex FactorsSpainST Elevation Myocardial InfarctionTime FactorsTime-to-TreatmentTreatment OutcomeUnited StatesYoung AdultConceptsST-segment elevation myocardial infarctionElectrocardiographic characteristicsMyocardial infarctionReperfusion delayYounger patientsVentricular hypertrophyST elevationPrehospital ECGLateral leadsMultivariable logistic regression modelTimeliness of reperfusionVoltage criteriaElevation myocardial infarctionLeft ventricular hypertrophyAcute myocardial infarctionYears of ageLogistic regression modelsSex differencesClinical characteristicsCohort studyElectrocardiographic correlatesMultivariable analysisFemale sexSpanish hospitalsReperfusion guidelines
2017
Age Differences in Hospital Mortality for Acute Myocardial Infarction: Implications for Hospital Profiling.
Dharmarajan K, McNamara RL, Wang Y, Masoudi FA, Ross JS, Spatz EE, Desai NR, de Lemos JA, Fonarow GC, Heidenreich PA, Bhatt DL, Bernheim SM, Slattery LE, Khan YM, Curtis JP. Age Differences in Hospital Mortality for Acute Myocardial Infarction: Implications for Hospital Profiling. Annals Of Internal Medicine 2017, 167: 555-564. PMID: 28973634, PMCID: PMC9359429, DOI: 10.7326/m16-2871.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsRisk-standardized mortality ratesAcute myocardial infarctionOlder patientsYounger patientsMyocardial infarctionAge groupsHospital risk-standardized mortality ratesRetrospective cohort studyHospital mortality rankingsNational Quality ForumHospital mortalityMedian hospitalHospital outcomesCohort studyACTION RegistryAMI mortalityAmerican CollegeMedicare beneficiariesAMI hospitalizationPatientsMortality rateHospitalQuality ForumHospital ValueHospital profilingSexual Activity and Function in the Year After an Acute Myocardial Infarction Among Younger Women and Men in the United States and Spain
Lindau S, Abramsohn E, Bueno H, D’Onofrio G, Lichtman J, Lorenze N, Sanghani R, Spatz E, Spertus J, Strait K, Wroblewski K, Zhou S, Krumholz H. Sexual Activity and Function in the Year After an Acute Myocardial Infarction Among Younger Women and Men in the United States and Spain. Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey 2017, 72: 334-335. DOI: 10.1097/01.ogx.0000516136.75506.a3.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchYoung Women With Acute Myocardial Infarction
Dreyer RP, Sciria C, Spatz ES, Safdar B, D'Onofrio G, Krumholz HM. Young Women With Acute Myocardial Infarction. Circulation Cardiovascular Quality And Outcomes 2017, 10: e003480. PMID: 28228455, PMCID: PMC5502480, DOI: 10.1161/circoutcomes.116.003480.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsAcute myocardial infarctionYoung womenMyocardial infarctionManagement of AMIPost-AMI periodContinuum of careCoronary diseaseAged menHigh riskWorse recoveryWomenInfarctionHighlight gapsRecent studiesDifferent mechanismsMorbidityHospitalMortalityEpidemiologyPublic awarenessDiseaseDiagnosisCareSex Differences in Inflammatory Markers and Health Status Among Young Adults With Acute Myocardial Infarction
Lu Y, Zhou S, Dreyer RP, Spatz ES, Geda M, Lorenze NP, D'Onofrio G, Lichtman JH, Spertus JA, Ridker PM, Krumholz HM. Sex Differences in Inflammatory Markers and Health Status Among Young Adults With Acute Myocardial Infarction. Circulation Cardiovascular Quality And Outcomes 2017, 10: e003470. PMID: 28228461, PMCID: PMC5459381, DOI: 10.1161/circoutcomes.116.003470.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH Keywords1-Alkyl-2-acetylglycerophosphocholine EsteraseAdolescentAdultAge of OnsetBiomarkersChi-Square DistributionComorbidityC-Reactive ProteinFemaleHealth Status DisparitiesHumansInflammation MediatorsLinear ModelsMaleMiddle AgedMultivariate AnalysisMyocardial InfarctionProspective StudiesRisk AssessmentRisk FactorsSex FactorsSocioeconomic FactorsUnited StatesUp-RegulationYoung AdultConceptsHigh-sensitivity C-reactive proteinAcute myocardial infarctionHigher inflammatory levelsInflammatory markersPoor health statusHealth statusYoung womenMyocardial infarctionInflammatory levelsTargeted anti-inflammatory treatmentsElevated inflammatory markersResidual cholesterol riskResidual inflammatory riskSex differencesAnti-inflammatory treatmentAnti-inflammatory therapyC-reactive proteinHigher mortality riskYoung menPhospholipase A2Years of ageCardiovascular outcomesMultivariable adjustmentPatient characteristicsSecondary prevention
2016
Sex differences in lipid profiles and treatment utilization among young adults with acute myocardial infarction: Results from the VIRGO study
Lu Y, Zhou S, Dreyer RP, Caulfield M, Spatz ES, Geda M, Lorenze NP, Herbert P, D'Onofrio G, Jackson EA, Lichtman JH, Bueno H, Spertus JA, Krumholz HM. Sex differences in lipid profiles and treatment utilization among young adults with acute myocardial infarction: Results from the VIRGO study. American Heart Journal 2016, 183: 74-84. PMID: 27979045, PMCID: PMC5459396, DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2016.09.012.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsAcute myocardial infarctionLipid profileYoung womenLipoprotein cholesterolLipoprotein profileMyocardial infarctionTreatment utilizationLow-density lipoprotein cholesterolHigh-density lipoprotein cholesterolLow HDL cholesterol levelsYoung adultsHigh-intensity doseMajor lipid abnormalitiesSex differencesAdverse lipid profileFavorable lipoprotein profileHDL cholesterol ratioLower total cholesterolHDL cholesterol levelsHigher HDL cholesterolImportant risk factorHigher mortality riskMultivariate regression analysisVIRGO StudyCardiovascular outcomesSex Differences in Financial Barriers and the Relationship to Recovery After Acute Myocardial Infarction
Beckman AL, Bucholz EM, Zhang W, Xu X, Dreyer RP, Strait KM, Spertus JA, Krumholz HM, Spatz ES. Sex Differences in Financial Barriers and the Relationship to Recovery After Acute Myocardial Infarction. Journal Of The American Heart Association 2016, 5: e003923. PMID: 27742618, PMCID: PMC5121496, DOI: 10.1161/jaha.116.003923.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAdultAftercareDepressionDrug CostsFemaleHealth Services AccessibilityHumansIncomeLinear ModelsMaleMedication AdherenceMiddle AgedMultivariate AnalysisMyocardial InfarctionPatient Health QuestionnaireProspective StudiesRecovery of FunctionSex FactorsSocioeconomic FactorsSpainUnited StatesConceptsAcute myocardial infarctionMyocardial infarctionFinancial barriersHealth status 12 monthsYoung adultsPost-AMI outcomesYear post-AMIYoung AMI patientsMultivariable linear regression modelsGreater depressive symptomatologyMental functional statusSex differencesClinical characteristicsYounger patientsAMI patientsPost-AMIFunctional statusWorse outcomesBaseline healthPsychosocial statusOutcomes 1Depressive symptomatologyPatientsMore womenHealth care
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