2001
Interference Between the Agents of Lyme Disease and Human Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis in a Natural Reservoir Host
Levin M, Fish D. Interference Between the Agents of Lyme Disease and Human Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis in a Natural Reservoir Host. Vector-Borne And Zoonotic Diseases 2001, 1: 139-148. PMID: 12653144, DOI: 10.1089/153036601316977741.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsHuman granulocytic ehrlichiosisE. phagocytophilaB. burgdorferiGranulocytic ehrlichiosisLyme diseaseB. burgdorferi challengeGroups of miceB. burgdorferi-infected miceBurgdorferi-infected miceXenodiagnostic larvaeI. scapularis larvaeUninfected miceNatural reservoir hostsControl miceInfectious challengePrimary infectionXenodiagnostic ticksControl groupMiceInfectionMixed infectionsI. scapularis nymphsBurgdorferiWeekly intervalsSecond agentInfection of Mice with the Agent of Human Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis after Different Routes of Inoculation
Hodzic E, Feng S, Fish D, Leutenegger C, Freet K, Barthold S. Infection of Mice with the Agent of Human Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis after Different Routes of Inoculation. The Journal Of Infectious Diseases 2001, 183: 1781-1786. PMID: 11372031, DOI: 10.1086/320735.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsBone marrow samplesReal-time polymerase chain reactionPolymerase chain reactionHuman granulocytic ehrlichiosisMarrow samplesDay 20Granulocytic ehrlichiosisInfection of miceRate of infectionKinetics of infectionLymph nodesGene targetsInfected miceC3H miceEarly disseminationVascular perfusionDay 10Experimental infectionInfectionMiceNeedle inoculationChain reactionBloodEhrlichiosisInoculationEffect of Tick Removal on Transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi and Ehrlichia phagocytophila by Ixodes scapularis Nymphs
Vignes F, Piesman J, Heffernan R, Schulze T, Stafford K, Fish D. Effect of Tick Removal on Transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi and Ehrlichia phagocytophila by Ixodes scapularis Nymphs. The Journal Of Infectious Diseases 2001, 183: 773-778. PMID: 11181154, DOI: 10.1086/318818.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsEhrlichia phagocytophilaBorrelia burgdorferiLyme disease endemic areaHuman granulocytic ehrlichiosisDisease-endemic areasScapularis nymphsPolymerase chain reaction analysisSerologic testingField strainsChain reaction analysisSpirochete Borrelia burgdorferiIxodes scapularis nymphsTick removalProbability of infectionHuman infectionsE. phagocytophilaGranulocytic ehrlichiosisInfectionI. scapularis nymphsB. burgdorferiBurgdorferiMiceLyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferiNymphal Ixodes scapularisFed ticks
2000
Coinfection with Borrelia burgdorferi and the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis suppresses IL‐2 and IFNγ production and promotes an IL‐4 response in C3H/HeJ mice
Zeidner N, Dolan M, Massung R, Piesman J, Fish D. Coinfection with Borrelia burgdorferi and the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis suppresses IL‐2 and IFNγ production and promotes an IL‐4 response in C3H/HeJ mice. Parasite Immunology 2000, 22: 581-588. PMID: 11116438, DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3024.2000.00339.x.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsIL-4 productionIL-2Human granulocytic ehrlichiosisT cellsB. burgdorferiGranulocytic ehrlichiosisC3H/HeJ miceSplenic IL-4Systemic IL-2Th2 cytokine responsesIL-4 responsesIFN-gamma productionSplenic T cellsIFN-gamma responsesTick infestationHuman granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE) agentBorrelia burgdorferi transmissionIFNγ productionCytokine responsesIL-4HeJ miceGamma productionB cellsCoinfectionDay 10Acquisition of Coinfection and Simultaneous Transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi and Ehrlichia phagocytophila by Ixodes scapularis Ticks
Levin M, Fish D. Acquisition of Coinfection and Simultaneous Transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi and Ehrlichia phagocytophila by Ixodes scapularis Ticks. Infection And Immunity 2000, 68: 2183-2186. PMID: 10722618, PMCID: PMC97402, DOI: 10.1128/iai.68.4.2183-2186.2000.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsHuman granulocytic ehrlichiosisPrior infection statusGranulocytic ehrlichiosisInfected miceLyme diseaseInfection statusI. scapularis nymphsScapularis ticksSecond pathogenSusceptible hostsScapularis nymphsInfected hostIxodes scapularis ticksPrevious infectionI. scapularis ticksEhrlichia phagocytophilaUninfected ticksInfected ticksMiceBorrelia burgdorferiDiseaseEhrlichiosisBorreliaEvidence of interactionNymphal ticks
1999
Disparity in the Natural Cycles of Borrelia burgdorferi and the Agent of Human Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis - Volume 5, Number 2—April 1999 - Emerging Infectious Diseases journal - CDC
Levin M, Vignes F, Fish D. Disparity in the Natural Cycles of Borrelia burgdorferi and the Agent of Human Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis - Volume 5, Number 2—April 1999 - Emerging Infectious Diseases journal - CDC. Emerging Infectious Diseases 1999, 5: 204-208. PMID: 10221871, PMCID: PMC2640706, DOI: 10.3201/eid0502.990203.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsHuman granulocytic ehrlichiosisAgent of HGEB. burgdorferi infectionBurgdorferi infectionInfectious Diseases journal - CDCBorrelia burgdorferiWhite-footed miceIxodes scapularis ticksWild white-footed miceDifferent prevalenceGranulocytic ehrlichiosisPrevalenceMiceScapularis ticksInfectionHost-seeking ticksNatural cycleBurgdorferiTicksAgentsEhrlichiosisComparative Vector Competence of Dermacentor variabilis and Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) for the Agent of Human Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis
Vignes F, Levin M, Fish D. Comparative Vector Competence of Dermacentor variabilis and Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) for the Agent of Human Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis. Journal Of Medical Entomology 1999, 36: 182-185. PMID: 10083755, DOI: 10.1093/jmedent/36.2.182.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsAgent of HGEHuman granulocytic ehrlichiosisPolymerase chain reactionD. variabilis nymphsGranulocytic ehrlichiosisI. scapularis nymphsEvidence of transmissionVector competenceScapularis nymphsI. scapularisLeucopus miceD. variabilis larvaeMiceDermacentor variabilisComparative vector competenceRepletionChain reactionCompetent vectorsD. variabilisWhite-footed miceTrialsEhrlichiosisAgentsIxodes scapularisIxodes scapularis Say
1998
Acquisition and Transmission of the Agent of Human Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis by Ixodes scapularis Ticks
Hodzic E, Fish D, Maretzki C, De Silva A, Feng S, Barthold S. Acquisition and Transmission of the Agent of Human Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis by Ixodes scapularis Ticks. Journal Of Clinical Microbiology 1998, 36: 3574-3578. PMID: 9817875, PMCID: PMC105242, DOI: 10.1128/jcm.36.12.3574-3578.1998.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsInfected miceHuman granulocytic ehrlichiosisHGE agentIxodes scapularis ticksGranulocytic ehrlichiosisUninfected larval ticksAcquisition of infectionScapularis ticksMedian infectious doseLarval ticksNymphal ticksTick-borne transmissionC3H miceImmunodeficient miceInfectious doseMiceHuman isolatesInfectionOnset of feedingBloodEhrlichiosisPresent studyMammalian hostsCompetitive PCRTicksGranulocytic Ehrlichiosis in the Laboratory Mouse
Hodzic E, IJdo J, Feng S, Katavolos P, Sun W, Maretzki C, Fish D, Fikrig E, Telford S, Barthold S. Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis in the Laboratory Mouse. The Journal Of Infectious Diseases 1998, 177: 737-745. PMID: 9498456, DOI: 10.1086/514236.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsHuman granulocytic ehrlichiosisMouse passageGranulocytic ehrlichiosisHL-60 cell culturesPeripheral bloodC3H miceLate infectionEarly infectionCell culturesDay 17Day 5Blood smearsNormal valuesDay 24Polymerase chain reaction amplificationHGE agentChain reaction amplificationSpleen smearsMiceInfectionInfectivity assaysBloodLaboratory miceSmearsReaction amplification
1997
Prevalence of the Rickettsial Agent of Human Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis in Ticks from a Hyperendemic Focus of Lyme Disease
Schwartz I, Fish D, Daniels T. Prevalence of the Rickettsial Agent of Human Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis in Ticks from a Hyperendemic Focus of Lyme Disease. New England Journal Of Medicine 1997, 337: 49-50. PMID: 9213773, DOI: 10.1056/nejm199707033370111.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchTransmission of the Agent of Human Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis by Host-Seeking Ixodus scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) in Southern New York State
Vignes F, Fish D. Transmission of the Agent of Human Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis by Host-Seeking Ixodus scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) in Southern New York State. Journal Of Medical Entomology 1997, 34: 379-382. PMID: 9220669, DOI: 10.1093/jmedent/34.4.379.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsHuman granulocytic ehrlichiosisGranulocytic ehrlichiosisXenodiagnostic larvaeUninfected micePolymerase chain reaction analysisI. scapularis ticksChain reaction analysisBlood smearsHGE agentLyme diseaseMiceWhole bloodInfectionScapularis ticksMicroscopic examinationEhrlichiosisBorrelia burgdorferi JohnsonSouthern New York StateReaction analysisAgentsIxodes scapularisNew York StateWestchester CountyI. scapularisNatural foci