A Prospective Study of Coffee Consumption and the Risk of Symptomatic Gallstone Disease in Men
Leitzmann MF, Willett WC, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Spiegelman D, Colditz GA, Giovannucci E. A Prospective Study of Coffee Consumption and the Risk of Symptomatic Gallstone Disease in Men. JAMA 1999, 281: 2106-2112. PMID: 10367821, DOI: 10.1001/jama.281.22.2106.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsSymptomatic gallstone diseaseGallstone diseaseRelative riskCoffee consumptionDecreased riskRisk factorsCaffeine intakeHealth professionalsUS male health professionalsMale health professionalsRegular coffeeProspective cohort studyFood frequency questionnaireConsumption of coffeeCohort studyFrequency questionnaireProspective studyMore cupsMetabolic effectsUS menGallstone formationDecaffeinated coffeeDiseaseMenCholecystectomy