2001
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Seroconversion and Evolution of the Hepatitis C Virus Quasispecies
Mao Q, Ray S, Laeyendecker O, Ticehurst J, Strathdee S, Vlahov D, Thomas D. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Seroconversion and Evolution of the Hepatitis C Virus Quasispecies. Journal Of Virology 2001, 75: 3259-3267. PMID: 11238852, PMCID: PMC114119, DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.7.3259-3267.2001.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsHuman immunodeficiency virusHCV quasispeciesHypervariable region 1HIV seroconversionChronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infectionE2 hypervariable region 1Hepatitis C virus infectionHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seroconversionRapid HIV disease progressionHepatitis C virus quasispeciesHIV infection altersHIV-associated diseaseChronic HCV infectionC virus infectionHIV disease progressionHCV infectionHCV RNASerum levelsLiver diseaseImmunodeficiency virusDisease progressionRapid progressionVirus infectionNumber of subjectsHCV sequencesInitial Plasma HIV-1 RNA Levels and Progression to AIDS in Women and Men
Sterling T, Vlahov D, Astemborski J, Hoover D, Margolick J, Quinn T. Initial Plasma HIV-1 RNA Levels and Progression to AIDS in Women and Men. New England Journal Of Medicine 2001, 344: 720-725. PMID: 11236775, DOI: 10.1056/nejm200103083441003.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAcquired Immunodeficiency SyndromeAdultAnti-HIV AgentsCD4 Lymphocyte CountDisease ProgressionDisease-Free SurvivalEligibility DeterminationFemaleHIV AntibodiesHIV InfectionsHIV-1HumansLongitudinal StudiesMalePractice Guidelines as TopicRegression AnalysisReverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain ReactionRiskRNA, ViralSex FactorsViral LoadConceptsInitial viral loadMedian initial viral loadHIV-1 RNAViral loadLymphocyte countHuman immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infectionPlasma HIV-1 RNA levelsHIV-1 RNA levelsHIV-1 RNA copiesFemale injection drug usersVirus type 1 infectionHIV-1 seroconversionMedian initial CD4Risk of progressionHIV-1 infectionType 1 infectionInjection drug usersLikelihood of progressionRate of progressionAntiretroviral therapyInitial CD4Hazard ratioAntiretroviral treatmentTreatment guidelinesImmunodeficiency syndrome
2000
The Natural History of Hepatitis C Virus Infection: Host, Viral, and Environmental Factors
Thomas D, Astemborski J, Rai R, Anania F, Schaeffer M, Galai N, Nolt K, Nelson K, Strathdee S, Johnson L, Laeyendecker O, Boitnott J, Wilson L, Vlahov D. The Natural History of Hepatitis C Virus Infection: Host, Viral, and Environmental Factors. JAMA 2000, 284: 450-456. PMID: 10904508, DOI: 10.1001/jama.284.4.450.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsEnd-stage liver diseaseInjection drug useHepatitis C virus infectionC virus infectionHuman immunodeficiency virusViral clearanceHCV infectionLiver diseaseDrug usePersistent viremiaVirus infectionCases of ESLDRisk of ESLDCommunity-based prospective cohort studyAntibody-positive test resultPresence of ascitesProspective cohort studyCause of deathUtilization of treatmentMajority of adultsSemiannual visitsCohort studyHCV RNAEsophageal varicesImmunodeficiency virusDeterminants of the Quantity of Hepatitis C Virus RNA
Thomas D, Astemborski J, Vlahov D, Strathdee S, Ray S, Nelson K, Galai N, Nolt K, Laeyendecker O, Todd J. Determinants of the Quantity of Hepatitis C Virus RNA. The Journal Of Infectious Diseases 2000, 181: 844-851. PMID: 10720503, DOI: 10.1086/315314.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsHCV RNA levelsHepatitis C virus RNAHIV-negative personsC virus RNAHCV RNARNA levelsLower HCV RNA levelsSerum HCV RNA levelsHepatitis B infectionInjection drug useHuman immunodeficiency virusVirus RNAVirologic factorsB infectionHCV infectionImmunodeficiency virusNeedle sharingBlood levelsPositive personsDrug useYounger ageInfectionEquivalents/Additional researchPerson variabilityScreening for Hepatitis C Virus in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Individuals
Thio C, Nolt K, Astemborski J, Vlahov D, Nelson K, Thomas D. Screening for Hepatitis C Virus in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Individuals. Journal Of Clinical Microbiology 2000, 38: 575-577. PMID: 10655348, PMCID: PMC86151, DOI: 10.1128/jcm.38.2.575-577.2000.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsHuman immunodeficiency virusHCV RNANegative participantsHepatitis C virus antibody testHuman immunodeficiency virus-infected individualsHepatitis C virus screeningThird-generation enzyme immunoassayHIV-negative participantsVirus-infected individualsHepatitis C virusInjection drug usersThird-generation assaysCOBAS AMPLICOR systemFalse-negative testsThird-generation testsFalse-negative resultsAcute infectionHIV infectionImmunodeficiency virusC virusAntibody formationAntibody testHCVVirus screeningAmplicor system
1999
Longitudinal Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Load in the Italian Seroconversion Study: Correlates and Temporal Trends of Virus Load
Lyles C, Dorrucci M, Vlahov D, Pezzotti P, Angarano G, Sinicco A, Alberici F, Alcorn T, Vella S, Rezza G. Longitudinal Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Load in the Italian Seroconversion Study: Correlates and Temporal Trends of Virus Load. The Journal Of Infectious Diseases 1999, 180: 1018-1024. PMID: 10479126, DOI: 10.1086/314980.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsHIV-1 loadVirus loadHuman immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) loadHuman immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) seroconvertersCD4 cells/microL.Low CD4 cell countsItalian Seroconversion StudyCD4 cell countCells/microL.Injection drug useCourse of diseaseReverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reactionHigh virus loadTranscriptase-polymerase chain reactionClinical AIDSMale sexProspective studyDisease progressionSeroconversion StudyCell countDrug useSustained increaseSeroconversionAIDSFrozen serumSex Differences in Longitudinal Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 RNA Levels among Seroconverters
Sterling T, Lyles C, Vlahov D, Astemborski J, Margolick J, Quinn T. Sex Differences in Longitudinal Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 RNA Levels among Seroconverters. The Journal Of Infectious Diseases 1999, 180: 666-672. PMID: 10438353, DOI: 10.1086/314967.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsHuman immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA levelsHIV-1 seroconvertersSex differencesCopies/mLHIV-1 pathogenesisInjection drug usersCase-control studyTime of seroconversionCross-sectional studyCourse of infectionMale patientsRapid progressorsFemale patientsCopies/Drug usersMale controlsVirus levelsPatientsRNA levelsSeroconvertersWomenMenNonprogressorsSeroconversionProgressorsPersistence of viremia and the importance of long‐term follow‐up after acute hepatitis C infection
Villano S, Vlahov D, Nelson K, Cohn S, Thomas D. Persistence of viremia and the importance of long‐term follow‐up after acute hepatitis C infection. Hepatology 1999, 29: 908-914. PMID: 10051497, DOI: 10.1002/hep.510290311.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsRecombinant immunoblot assayHCV RNAAcute infectionViral clearanceAcute hepatitis C virus (HCV) infectionAcute hepatitis C infectionHepatitis C virus infectionPersistence of viremiaAcute HCV infectionAcute hepatitis CC virus infectionHepatitis C infectionTime of seroconversionPeak viral titersHealth care providersSingle laboratory testIllicit drug useHCV seroconversionC infectionHCV infectionHepatitis CPersistent viremiaClinical featuresHCV subtypesPolymerase chain reactionA prospective, community‐based evaluation of liver enzymes in individuals with hepatitis C after drug use
Inglesby T, Rai R, Astemborski J, Gruskin L, Nelson K, Vlahov D, Thomas D. A prospective, community‐based evaluation of liver enzymes in individuals with hepatitis C after drug use. Hepatology 1999, 29: 590-596. PMID: 9918940, DOI: 10.1002/hep.510290219.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsSerum ALT levelsALT levelsALT valuesDrug usePrior illicit drug useSerum alanine transaminase levelsAlanine transaminase levelsNormal ALT valuesHepatitis C virusIllicit drug useImportant disease outcomesElevated ALTHepatitis CTransaminase levelsInitial visitLiver biopsyVisit variabilityC virusCommunity-based evaluationLiver enzymesDisease outcomeHCVPatientsMore visitsNatural history
1998
Comparison of Two Measures of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Type 1 Load in HIV Risk Groups
Lyles C, Vlahov D, Farzadegan H, Astemborski J, Margolick J, Masters B, Schroeder J, Quinn T. Comparison of Two Measures of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Type 1 Load in HIV Risk Groups. Journal Of Clinical Microbiology 1998, 36: 3647-3652. PMID: 9817889, PMCID: PMC105256, DOI: 10.1128/jcm.36.12.3647-3652.1998.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsInfectious viral loadInjection drug usersHIV RNA levelsHIV RNA loadViral loadRisk groupsRNA loadViral burdenHuman immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) loadHomosexual menPlasma HIV RNA levelsMale injection drug usersFemale injection drug usersHuman immunodeficiency virus type 1Peripheral blood mononuclear cellsImmunodeficiency virus type 1RNA levelsBlood mononuclear cellsHIV risk groupViral RNA loadVirus type 1HIV loadMononuclear cellsDrug usersCell countSex differences in HIV-1 viral load and progression to AIDS
Farzadegan H, Hoover D, Astemborski J, Lyles C, Margolick J, Markham R, Quinn T, Vlahov D. Sex differences in HIV-1 viral load and progression to AIDS. The Lancet 1998, 352: 1510-1514. PMID: 9820299, DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(98)02372-1.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsInjection drug usersCD4 cell countProportional hazards modelBranched-chain DNAViral loadQuantitative microcultureReverse transcriptase-PCRPlasma HIV-1 RNA measurementsCell countHIV-1 RNA measurementsUnivariate proportional hazard modelHIV-1 viral loadSame viral loadViral load associationsVisit 3 yearsHIV-1 loadViral load measurementsAntiretroviral therapyAntiretroviral treatmentBaseline visitCommunity clinicsObservational studyHIV-1Current recommendationsHigh riskAssociation of Antibody to GB Virus C (Hepatitis G Virus) with Viral Clearance and Protection from Reinfection
Thomas D, Vlahov D, Alter H, Hunt J, Marshall R, Astemborski J, Nelson K. Association of Antibody to GB Virus C (Hepatitis G Virus) with Viral Clearance and Protection from Reinfection. The Journal Of Infectious Diseases 1998, 177: 539-542. PMID: 9498429, DOI: 10.1086/514245.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsInjection drug usersGBV-C infectionGBV-C RNAViral clearanceGB virus C RNAPositive injection drug usersAssociation of antibodiesGB virus COngoing drug useEnvelope antibodiesRNA testingRNA clearanceDrug usersDrug useVirus CC RNADetectable RNAInfectionClearanceReinfectionPersistent RNAGBVAntibodiesRNAVisitsVitamin A Supplementation and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Load in Injection Drug Users
Semba R, Lyles C, Margolick J, Caiaffa W, Farzadegan H, Cohn S, Vlahov D. Vitamin A Supplementation and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Load in Injection Drug Users. The Journal Of Infectious Diseases 1998, 177: 611-616. PMID: 9498439, DOI: 10.1086/514235.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsCD4 lymphocyte countHigh-dose vitaminHIV loadInjection drug usersLymphocyte countDrug usersVitamin AHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infectionPlacebo-controlled clinical trialHuman immunodeficiency virus loadImmunodeficiency virus infectionUse of vitaminsPlasma vitaminHIV replicationVirus loadClinical trialsVirus infectionClinical investigationRetinol equivalentsSupplementationRetinoic acid response elementVitaminWeeksAcid response elementCountPrognostic Indicators for AIDS and Infectious Disease Death in HIV-Infected Injection Drug Users: Plasma Viral Load and CD4+ Cell Count
Vlahov D, Graham N, Hoover D, Flynn C, Bartlett J, Margolick J, Lyles C, Nelson K, Smith D, Holmberg S, Farzadegan H. Prognostic Indicators for AIDS and Infectious Disease Death in HIV-Infected Injection Drug Users: Plasma Viral Load and CD4+ Cell Count. JAMA 1998, 279: 35-40. PMID: 9424041, DOI: 10.1001/jama.279.1.35.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchMeSH KeywordsAcquired Immunodeficiency SyndromeAdultAIDS-Related Opportunistic InfectionsBiomarkersBlack or African AmericanCD4 Lymphocyte CountDisease ProgressionFemaleHIV-1HumansMalePrognosisProportional Hazards ModelsProspective StudiesRegression AnalysisRNA, ViralSubstance Abuse, IntravenousSurvival AnalysisViral LoadConceptsInfectious disease deathsInjection drug usersPlasma viral loadViral loadDisease deathsCell countDrug usersPrognostic indicatorHuman immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) viral loadAfrican American injection drug usersPlasma HIV-1 RNAHIV-1 viral loadInfectious diseasesClinical AIDS diagnosisLevels of CD4Kaplan-Meier analysisHIV-1 RNAPrognosis of personsPowerful prognostic informationProportional hazards modelCases of AIDSGood predictive valueCell count measurementsMedian followCohort study
1997
Persistence and Clinical Significance of Hepatitis G Virus Infections in Injecting Drug Users
Thomas D, Nakatsuji Y, Shih J, Alter H, Nelson K, Astemborski J, Lyles C, Vlahov D. Persistence and Clinical Significance of Hepatitis G Virus Infections in Injecting Drug Users. The Journal Of Infectious Diseases 1997, 176: 586-592. PMID: 9291303, DOI: 10.1086/514078.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsHepatitis G virus infectionG virus infectionHGV RNAHGV infectionVirus infectionDrug usersLiver-related enzymesRecent serum sampleInjecting Drug UsersHepatic inflammationAcute infectionSerum levelsLiver diseaseClinical significanceNegative participantsSerial samplesDrug useInfectionPrior visitSerum samplesIDUsPrior specimensRecent visitVisitsYearsMarkers of response to zidovudine monotherapy among treated HIV seroconverters. Italian Seroconversion Study.
Rezza G, Galai N, Pezzotti P, Vlahov D, Graham N, Viale P, Angarano G. Markers of response to zidovudine monotherapy among treated HIV seroconverters. Italian Seroconversion Study. Antiviral Therapy 1997, 2: 167-74. PMID: 11322271.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsCD4 cell countInitiation of treatmentZidovudine monotherapyP24 antigenaemiaCell countConstitutional symptomsHIV seroconvertersRisk groupsCopies/Human immunodeficiency virus seroconvertersPlasma RNA viral loadHIV RNA copiesCD4 cell declineRNA viral loadStart of therapyMarker of responseAntigen-positive individualsAdditional predictive informationIndicator of responseStandard survival methodsTerms of progressionAntiretroviral therapyViral loadAntigen levelsDisease progression
1996
Effect of Human Immunodeficiency Virus on Hepatitis C Virus Infection among Injecting Drug Users
Thomas D, Shih J, Alter H, Vlahov D, Cohn S, Hoover D, Cheung L, Nelson K. Effect of Human Immunodeficiency Virus on Hepatitis C Virus Infection among Injecting Drug Users. The Journal Of Infectious Diseases 1996, 174: 690-695. PMID: 8843204, DOI: 10.1093/infdis/174.4.690.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsSerum HCV RNA concentrationHepatitis C virus infectionC virus infectionHCV RNA concentrationHIV infectionVirus infectionAlanine aminotransferaseDrug usersHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV) immunosuppressionCD4 cells/HIV-negative patientsHIV-positive IDUsStage of HIVCD4 lymphocyte countHCV RNA levelsSerum ALT levelsHIV-negative participantsHuman immunodeficiency virusInjecting Drug UsersRNA concentrationSemiannual visitsALT levelsHCV infectionHIV RNAHIV seroconversionThe Effect of Latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection on Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Disease Progression and HIV RNA Load among Injecting Drug Users
Manoff S, Farzadegan H, Muñoz A, Astemborski J, Vlahov D, Rizzo R, Solomon L, Graham N. The Effect of Latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection on Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Disease Progression and HIV RNA Load among Injecting Drug Users. The Journal Of Infectious Diseases 1996, 174: 299-308. PMID: 8699059, DOI: 10.1093/infdis/174.2.299.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease progressionLatent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infectionMycobacterium tuberculosis infectionTuberculosis infectionSkin testingDisease progressionDrug usersLatent M. tuberculosis infectionTuberculin positive casesTuberculin-negative controlsTuberculin-negative personsCD4 cell countCohort of HIVHIV RNA loadCD4 cell declineM. tuberculosis infectionTuberculin skin testingInjecting Drug UsersBaseline immune functionHIV concentrationHIV RNAActive tuberculosisHIV burdenHIV progressionRNA load