2003
Design of Hard Water Stable Emulsifier Systems for Petroleum- and Bio-based Semi-synthetic Metalworking Fluids
Zimmerman J, Clarens A, Hayes K, Skerlos S. Design of Hard Water Stable Emulsifier Systems for Petroleum- and Bio-based Semi-synthetic Metalworking Fluids. Environmental Science And Technology 2003, 37: 5278-5288. PMID: 14700311, DOI: 10.1021/es034437t.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsHard water conditionsEmulsifier systemMolar ratioWater stabilitySurfactant molar ratioMetalworking fluidsParticle size stabilityLife cycle environmental impactsSemi-synthetic metalworking fluidsOil rejectionAnionic surfactantEmulsion destabilizationNonionic surfactantsEmulsion stabilityContact angleWater conditionsTorque efficiencyOil-based formulationSurfactantsTotal surfactantMWF formulationsMineral oilExtended lifetimeSize stabilityBio
2000
Partitioning of Ethoxylated Nonionic Surfactants in Water/NAPL Systems: Effects of Surfactant and NAPL Properties
Cowell M, Kibbey T, Zimmerman J, Hayes K. Partitioning of Ethoxylated Nonionic Surfactants in Water/NAPL Systems: Effects of Surfactant and NAPL Properties. Environmental Science And Technology 2000, 34: 1583-1588. DOI: 10.1021/es9908826.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchWater interfacial tensionNonionic surfactantsEffect of surfactantsSurfactant hydrophobicityInterfacial tensionNonaqueous phase liquidsSurfactant critical micelle concentrationEthoxylated nonionic surfactantsSurfactant remediationHigh surfactant concentrationsCritical micelle concentrationDifferent chemical structuresAmphiphilic moleculesChemical structureAqueous phaseOrganic phaseMicelle concentrationNAPL propertiesSurfactant concentrationNAPL contaminantsNonaqueous phaseSurfactantsSurfactant partitioningFinite solubilityPolydispersity