2003
Design of Hard Water Stable Emulsifier Systems for Petroleum- and Bio-based Semi-synthetic Metalworking Fluids
Zimmerman J, Clarens A, Hayes K, Skerlos S. Design of Hard Water Stable Emulsifier Systems for Petroleum- and Bio-based Semi-synthetic Metalworking Fluids. Environmental Science And Technology 2003, 37: 5278-5288. PMID: 14700311, DOI: 10.1021/es034437t.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsHard water conditionsEmulsifier systemMolar ratioWater stabilitySurfactant molar ratioMetalworking fluidsParticle size stabilityLife cycle environmental impactsSemi-synthetic metalworking fluidsOil rejectionAnionic surfactantEmulsion destabilizationNonionic surfactantsEmulsion stabilityContact angleWater conditionsTorque efficiencyOil-based formulationSurfactantsTotal surfactantMWF formulationsMineral oilExtended lifetimeSize stabilityBio
2001
Challenges to achieving sustainable aqueous systems: a case study in metalworking fluids
Skerlos S, Adriaens P, Hayes K, Rihana A, Kurabayashi K, Takayama S, Zimmerman J, Zhao F. Challenges to achieving sustainable aqueous systems: a case study in metalworking fluids. 2001, 566-571. DOI: 10.1109/ecodim.2001.992425.Peer-Reviewed Original Research