2025
The Role of Viral Interference in Shaping RSV Epidemics Following the 2009 H1N1 Influenza Pandemic
Li K, Thindwa D, Weinberger D, Pitzer V. The Role of Viral Interference in Shaping RSV Epidemics Following the 2009 H1N1 Influenza Pandemic. Influenza And Other Respiratory Viruses 2025, 19: e70111. PMID: 40275825, PMCID: PMC12022500, DOI: 10.1111/irv.70111.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsRespiratory syncytial virusRespiratory syncytial virus activityRespiratory syncytial virus epidemicsInfluenza pandemicViral interferenceLaboratory-confirmed RSV casesRSV epidemicsDecreased RSV infectionH1N1 influenza pandemicRSV infectionRSV seasonRSV casesSyncytial virusPandemic influenzaInfluenzaRSV activityCo-infectionSurveillance dataEpidemicUnited StatesUS regionsH1N1The validity of test-negative design for assessment of typhoid conjugate vaccine protection: comparison of estimates by different study designs using data from a cluster-randomised controlled trial
Feng S, Zhang Y, Khanam F, Voysey M, Pitzer V, Qadri F, Clemens J, Pollard A, Liu X. The validity of test-negative design for assessment of typhoid conjugate vaccine protection: comparison of estimates by different study designs using data from a cluster-randomised controlled trial. The Lancet Global Health 2025, 13: e1122-e1131. PMID: 40252689, PMCID: PMC12095117, DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(25)00056-7.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsTyphoid conjugate vaccineCluster randomised controlled trialJapanese encephalitis vaccineAge-eligible childrenCohort designTest-negative controlsStudy designTyphoid feverVaccine effectivenessHealth care seeking behaviorNon-vaccineesIncreased riskBlood culture-confirmed typhoid feverSalmonella enterica serotype TyphiCase-control study designNon-typhoidal infectionsVaccine protectionBlood culture specimensExperimental study designMiddle-income countriesObservational study designPublic health challengeChildren aged 9 monthsIncreased risk of typhoid feverRisk of typhoid feverEstimated Effectiveness of Nirsevimab Against Respiratory Syncytial Virus
Xu H, Aparicio C, Wats A, Araujo B, Pitzer V, Warren J, Shapiro E, Niccolai L, Weinberger D, Oliveira C. Estimated Effectiveness of Nirsevimab Against Respiratory Syncytial Virus. JAMA Network Open 2025, 8: e250380. PMID: 40063022, PMCID: PMC11894488, DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.0380.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsRSV-positive casesCase-control studyRSV infectionLRTI-associated hospitalizationsWeeks postimmunizationLong-acting monoclonal antibodiesTest-negative case-control studyClinical settingRespiratory syncytial virusMultivariate logistic regressionYale New Haven Health SystemRSV diseaseEmergency department dataState immunization registryRSV seasonSyncytial virusNirsevimabPolymerase chain reactionClinical trialsLRTIInfantsPotential confoundersMonoclonal antibodiesBroader outcomesDisease severityTime series data on typhoid fever incidence during outbreaks from 2000 to 2022
Koh D, Duong M, Kipshidze N, Pitzer V, Kim J. Time series data on typhoid fever incidence during outbreaks from 2000 to 2022. Scientific Data 2025, 12: 94. PMID: 39821093, PMCID: PMC11739417, DOI: 10.1038/s41597-024-04289-7.Peer-Reviewed Original Research
2024
Impact of dosing schedules on performance of rotavirus vaccines in Ghana
Asare E, Al-Mamun M, Armah G, Lopman B, Pitzer V. Impact of dosing schedules on performance of rotavirus vaccines in Ghana. Science Advances 2024, 10: eadn4176. PMID: 39661683, PMCID: PMC11633732, DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adn4176.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsVaccine dosing schedulesDosing scheduleDoses of RV1Median percentage reductionImprove vaccine performanceRotavirus vaccine impactThird doseRotavirus vaccineRotarix vaccineVaccine impactAdditional doseVaccine effectivenessVaccine performanceVaccineRotavirusRV1Percentage reductionChildrenRotarix5-year vaccine protection following a single dose of Vi-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine in Bangladeshi children (TyVOID): a cluster randomised trial
Qadri F, Khanam F, Zhang Y, Biswas P, Voysey M, Mujadidi Y, Kelly S, Bhuiyan A, Rajib N, Hossen I, Rahman N, Islam S, Pitzer V, Kim Y, Clemens J, Pollard A, Liu X. 5-year vaccine protection following a single dose of Vi-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine in Bangladeshi children (TyVOID): a cluster randomised trial. The Lancet 2024, 404: 1419-1429. PMID: 39396349, DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(24)01494-6.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsTyphoid conjugate vaccineJapanese encephalitis vaccineVaccine effectivenessRandomised controlled trialsConjugate vaccineFollow-upTyphoid feverControlled trialsVaccine protectionChildren aged 9 monthsIncreased risk of typhoid feverAnti-Vi IgGRisk of typhoid feverVaccine efficacy dataTest-negative designAged 9 monthsUnvaccinated individualsHigh-burden countriesIncidence rate ratiosAnalyses of vaccine effectivenessSingle-doseSingle doseDecay of antibodiesSubgroup analysisBooster doseCelebrating a body of work
Papin J, Mac Gabhann F, Pitzer V. Celebrating a body of work. PLOS Computational Biology 2024, 20: e1012441. PMID: 39325699, PMCID: PMC11426496, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1012441.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchGenome-wide association study between SARS-CoV-2 single nucleotide polymorphisms and virus copies during infections
Li K, Chaguza C, Stamp J, Chew Y, Chen N, Ferguson D, Pandya S, Kerantzas N, Schulz W, Initiative Y, Hahn A, Ogbunugafor C, Pitzer V, Crawford L, Weinberger D, Grubaugh N. Genome-wide association study between SARS-CoV-2 single nucleotide polymorphisms and virus copies during infections. PLOS Computational Biology 2024, 20: e1012469. PMID: 39288189, PMCID: PMC11432881, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1012469.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsGenome-wide association studiesSingle-nucleotide polymorphismsAssociation studiesWhole-genome sequencingAmino acid changesSingle nucleotide polymorphismsPairs of substitutionsViral copiesEpistasis testsGenome sequenceGenetic variationSpike geneAcid changesViral genomeNucleotide polymorphismsSARS-CoV-2Detect interactionsHost factorsVirus copiesCopyInfection dynamicsRT-qPCRPolymorphismOmicron BASARS-CoV-2 infectionGlobal patterns of rebound to normal RSV dynamics following COVID-19 suppression
Thindwa D, Li K, Cooper-Wootton D, Zheng Z, Pitzer V, Weinberger D. Global patterns of rebound to normal RSV dynamics following COVID-19 suppression. BMC Infectious Diseases 2024, 24: 635. PMID: 38918718, PMCID: PMC11201371, DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09509-4.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchExpanded Programme on Immunization at 50 years: its legacy and future
Wahl B, Pitzer V. Expanded Programme on Immunization at 50 years: its legacy and future. The Lancet 2024, 403: 2265-2267. PMID: 38796196, DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(24)00982-6.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchEstimating the health effects of COVID-19-related immunisation disruptions in 112 countries during 2020–30: a modelling study
Hartner A, Li X, Echeverria-Londono S, Roth J, Abbas K, Auzenbergs M, de Villiers M, Ferrari M, Fraser K, Fu H, Hallett T, Hinsley W, Jit M, Karachaliou A, Moore S, Nayagam S, Papadopoulos T, Perkins T, Portnoy A, Minh Q, Vynnycky E, Winter A, Burrows H, Chen C, Clapham H, Deshpande A, Hauryski S, Huber J, Jean K, Kim C, Kim J, Koh J, Lopman B, Pitzer V, Tam Y, Lambach P, Sim S, Woodruff K, Ferguson N, Trotter C, Gaythorpe K. Estimating the health effects of COVID-19-related immunisation disruptions in 112 countries during 2020–30: a modelling study. The Lancet Global Health 2024, 12: e563-e571. PMID: 38485425, PMCID: PMC10951961, DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(23)00603-4.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsCatch-up activitiesVaccine-preventable disease burdenCatch-upVaccine Impact Modelling ConsortiumImmunisation servicesMiddle-income countriesEffectiveness of HPV vaccinationVaccine effectivenessAffected cohortBill & Melinda Gates FoundationImmunisation coverageLow-incomeLong-term effectsWHO-UNICEFDisease burdenVaccination coverageCalendar yearImmunisation effortsMelinda Gates FoundationMitigation measuresCountriesYears of vaccinationYellow fever vaccine
2023
Typhoid fever
Meiring J, Khanam F, Basnyat B, Charles R, Crump J, Debellut F, Holt K, Kariuki S, Mugisha E, Neuzil K, Parry C, Pitzer V, Pollard A, Qadri F, Gordon M. Typhoid fever. Nature Reviews Disease Primers 2023, 9: 71. PMID: 38097589, DOI: 10.1038/s41572-023-00480-z.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsTyphoid feverUndifferentiated febrile illnessInvasive bacterial diseaseEffective vaccination programsFecal-oral routeNovel diagnostic modalitiesFebrile illnessBloodstream infectionsVaccination programBlood culturesClinical trialsImmunological protectionHigh burdenCausative organismDiagnostic modalitiesGlobal burdenDisease pathogenesisFeverHuman infectionsIntestinal epitheliumYoung adultsCulture testingSalmonella enterica subspSerovar TyphiAntimicrobial resistanceIncorporating Data from Multiple Endpoints in the Analysis of Clinical Trials: Example from RSV Vaccines
Prunas O, Willemsen J, Bont L, Pitzer V, Warren J, Weinberger D. Incorporating Data from Multiple Endpoints in the Analysis of Clinical Trials: Example from RSV Vaccines. Epidemiology 2023, 35: 103-112. PMID: 37793120, DOI: 10.1097/ede.0000000000001680.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchFloods and Diarrhea Risk in Young Children in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Wang P, Asare E, Pitzer V, Dubrow R, Chen K. Floods and Diarrhea Risk in Young Children in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. JAMA Pediatrics 2023, 177: 1206-1214. PMID: 37782513, PMCID: PMC10546297, DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2023.3964.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsMiddle-income countriesDiarrhea riskOdds ratioMAIN OUTCOMEMixed-effects logistic regression modelRisk of diarrheaCross-sectional studyHigher odds ratioPrevalence of diarrheaLogistic regression modelsHealth survey programUnexposed childrenEffect modificationChild healthDiarrhea prevalenceSurvey clustersSignificant associationHygiene practicesFourth weekWeeksStrong associationRandom interceptYoung childrenChildrenDiarrheaAssessing the global risk of typhoid outbreaks caused by extensively drug resistant Salmonella Typhi
Walker J, Chaguza C, Grubaugh N, Carey M, Baker S, Khan K, Bogoch I, Pitzer V. Assessing the global risk of typhoid outbreaks caused by extensively drug resistant Salmonella Typhi. Nature Communications 2023, 14: 6502. PMID: 37845201, PMCID: PMC10579367, DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42353-9.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsXDR S. TyphiS. typhiDrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar TyphiDrug-resistant Salmonella TyphiTyphoid outbreakMajor public health threatResistant Salmonella typhiPublic health activitiesTyphoid fever incidencePublic health threatSalmonella enterica serovar TyphiXDR typhoidEnterica serovar TyphiH58 haplotypeHigh riskOnward transmissionTyphoid feverSignificant associationHealth activitiesFever incidenceHealth threatFuture outbreaksSerovar TyphiSalmonella typhiTyphiYear-Round Respiratory Syncytial Virus Transmission in The Netherlands Following the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Prospective Nationwide Observational and Modeling Study
Löwensteyn Y, Zheng Z, Rave N, Bannier M, Billard M, Casalegno J, Pitzer V, Wildenbeest J, Weinberger D, Bont L, Putten M, Smit-Kleinlugtenbeld E, Peetsold M, van der Kuip M, van Goudoever H, van Keulen B, Boot A, Kloos R, van Gool S, Snepvangers Y, Kuijpers A, Menelik N, de Crom S, Miedema C, Tusscher G, van Giessen J, de Moor R, Faber M, Breukels M, Jaddoe V, Duijts L, Lutterman C, Vink I, Tramper-Stranders G, Oudshoorn A, Ritman A, Dubbink-Verheij G, Bolt J, Cakir C, Rietveld E, Bekhof J, Rings E, de Swart J, Driessen G, Doedens R, Nijssen L, van Onzenoort-Bokken L, Meijneke R, van Scherpenzeel M, Faber T, de Groof F, Schouten S, van de Zande J, de Coul M, Henriet S, Stol K, van Rossem M, Jacobs M, van Houten M, Zuurbier R, Plötz F, de Vries A, van der Heide R, van Boekholt A, de Jong G, Rashid A, Roelofs M, Illy K, Reijmerink N, van Dorth S, Schipper S, Rosias P, Teirlinck A. Year-Round Respiratory Syncytial Virus Transmission in The Netherlands Following the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Prospective Nationwide Observational and Modeling Study. The Journal Of Infectious Diseases 2023, 228: 1394-1399. PMID: 37477906, PMCID: PMC10640768, DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad282.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchChanges in Population Immunity Against Infection and Severe Disease From Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Omicron Variants in the United States Between December 2021 and November 2022
Klaassen F, Chitwood M, Cohen T, Pitzer V, Russi M, Swartwood N, Salomon J, Menzies N. Changes in Population Immunity Against Infection and Severe Disease From Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Omicron Variants in the United States Between December 2021 and November 2022. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2023, 77: 355-361. PMID: 37074868, PMCID: PMC10425195, DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciad210.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsSevere diseasePopulation immunityOmicron infectionOmicron variantUS populationSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2Acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2SARS-CoV-2 infectionRespiratory syndrome coronavirus 2SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variantRestoration of immunitySyndrome coronavirus 2Bayesian evidence synthesis modelInfection-acquired immunityEvidence synthesis modelSARS-CoV-2Prior immunological exposureCoronavirus 2Additional infectionsImmunological exposureInfectionDiseaseImmunityVaccinationUnited StatesCost-effectiveness analysis of typhoid conjugate vaccines in an outbreak setting: a modeling study
Phillips M, Antillon M, Bilcke J, Bar-Zeev N, Limani F, Debellut F, Pecenka C, Neuzil K, Gordon M, Thindwa D, Paltiel A, Yaesoubi R, Pitzer V. Cost-effectiveness analysis of typhoid conjugate vaccines in an outbreak setting: a modeling study. BMC Infectious Diseases 2023, 23: 143. PMID: 36890448, PMCID: PMC9993384, DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08105-2.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsTyphoid Conjugate VaccineRoutine vaccinationReactive vaccinationVaccination strategiesOutbreak settingsMultidrug-resistant Salmonella typhiQueen Elizabeth Central HospitalTyphoid fever epidemicYears of ageMonths of ageCost-effectiveness analysisWorld Health OrganizationConjugate vaccineCentral HospitalRoutine immunizationVaccine deploymentPreventive vaccinationVaccinationTyphoid feverCost-effective strategyAge 15Health OrganizationFever epidemicAntimicrobial resistanceOutbreak definitionsPlanning for Mpox on a College Campus: A Model-Based Decision-Support Tool.
Savinkina A, Chitwood M, Kwon J, Pitzer V, Gonsalves G, Paltiel A. Planning for Mpox on a College Campus: A Model-Based Decision-Support Tool. Annals Of Internal Medicine 2023, 176: 340-347. PMID: 36716454, PMCID: PMC10338074, DOI: 10.7326/m22-2734.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsSustained transmissionNational InstituteLow-risk groupHigh-risk populationPopulation of MSMHealth-National InstituteResidential college campusSymptomatic casesHypothetical cohortCongregate settingsStudy populationPreemptive vaccinationReactive vaccinationInfectious diseasesVaccinationDrug abuseBasic reproductive numberFuture outbreaksFrequent physical contactMSMReproductive numberOutbreakDaysMenTimely detection
2022
Comparison of model predictions of typhoid conjugate vaccine public health impact and cost-effectiveness
Burrows H, Antillón M, Gauld J, Kim J, Mogasale V, Ryckman T, Andrews J, Lo N, Pitzer V. Comparison of model predictions of typhoid conjugate vaccine public health impact and cost-effectiveness. Vaccine 2022, 41: 965-975. PMID: 36586741, PMCID: PMC9880559, DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.12.032.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsIncremental cost-effectiveness ratioRoutine vaccinationVaccine impactPublic health impactOne-time catchPotential public health impactHigh-incidence settingsTyphoid fever casesCost-effectiveness ratioMonths of ageHealth impactsModel-predicted outcomesPrimary outcomeChronic carriersIncidence settingsSymptomatic casesVaccine introductionEndemic settingsVaccine deploymentFever casesVaccinationTyphoid casesIncremental costTyphoid transmissionMonths
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