Heat Waves and Early Birth: Exploring Vulnerability by Individual‐ and Area‐Level Factors
Fitch A, Huang M, Strickland M, Newman A, Kalb C, Warren J, Kelley S, Zheng X, Chang H, Darrow L. Heat Waves and Early Birth: Exploring Vulnerability by Individual‐ and Area‐Level Factors. GeoHealth 2025, 9: e2025gh001348. PMID: 40271078, PMCID: PMC12015208, DOI: 10.1029/2025gh001348.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchZip code tabulation areasArea-level factorsEarly term birthSocial deprivationSocial deprivation indexHigh social deprivationTerm birthsCase-crossover designState vital recordsInverse-variance weightingDeprivation indexSocioeconomic disadvantageHealth outcomesMaternal residenceHeat wave exposureMaternal educationVital recordsExposure windowsOdds ratioArea levelIndividual-levelMaternal ageBirth riskPositive associationSchool education
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