Topography and environmental deficiencies are associated with chikungunya virus exposure in urban informal settlements in Salvador, Brazil
Travis C, Argibay H, Pellizzaro M, de Oliveira D, Santana R, Palma F, Lustosa R, Santana J, Souza F, López Y, Reis M, Ko A, Diggle P, Ribeiro G, Begon M, Costa F, Khalil H, Eyre M. Topography and environmental deficiencies are associated with chikungunya virus exposure in urban informal settlements in Salvador, Brazil. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 2025, 19: e0013477. PMID: 40911655, PMCID: PMC12440227, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0013477.Peer-Reviewed Original ResearchConceptsUrban informal settlementsPublic health burdenLow-income communitiesInformal settlementsGlobal public health burdenBinomial mixed-effects modelDegree of urbanisationHealth burdenMixed-effects modelsCHIKV seroprevalenceEnvironmental deficienciesReduced riskAssociated with seropositivityRisk factorsUrban communitiesMale sexBrazilian citiesRiskHouseholdsCommunityCHIKV seropositivityIndividualsEnvironmental factorsExposure patternsDomains individuals
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