YSPH-led research finds that canine vaccinations are an effective—and economical—intervention.
Rabies remains a widespread—and potentially deadly—threat to public health throughout much of rural Africa and other parts of the word. Spread to humans primarily by dogs, the virus quickly invades the victim’s central nervous system and, ultimately, their brain.
The disease predominately affects children and is responsible for 61,000 deaths worldwide each year, a third of which occur in rural Africa. Another 7.5 million people are treated annually for rabies with life-saving drugs.
While a recent conference in Africa on the health threat suggested that the most effective way to contain the disease is to simply keep dogs tied up, new research led by the Yale School of Public Health concludes that annual canine vaccination campaigns not only stop the spread of the disease, but are cost-effective and, in some cases, save money.
The researchers developed a mathematical model for rabies transmission that determined the cost-effectiveness of canine vaccination in rural Tanzania. Despite a perception that such campaigns are too expensive in certain rural settings, the researchers found that annual vaccinations “dramatically” curtail the health burden of rabies and confer “extraordinary value” in doing so.
Furthermore, the scientists recommend the continuation of canine vaccinations in areas where it is already used and the expansion of the practice in areas where it is not now used.
“Rabies campaigns are often a low priority, because of perceptions that there are more important health issues to tackle or that it’s just a veterinary issue,” said lead author Meagan C. Fitzpatrick, a doctoral student at the School of Public Health. “But in fact we find that, in many rural settings, canine vaccination saves both lives and money.”
A vaccination campaign for rabies saves money by reducing the need for expensive post-exposure vaccinations in humans. In Tanzania, for example, a single canine vaccine can be administered for under $2 per dose, but a regimen of human vaccination will cost more than $110. On balance, vaccinating most dogs is less expensive than waiting for humans to be bitten. Additionally, many bite victims in rural sub-Saharan Africa cannot afford this regimen, or in some cases are unable to access it within two days of a bite, as is required. These lives could be saved by annual vaccination campaigns.
The research is published in the current issue of the journal Annals of Internal Medicine.
In settings such as rural Tanzania, domestic dogs are generally very common and the incidence of rabies is also very high. These dogs are usually working animals, so the conference’s recommendation of keeping the dogs tied is impractical, the researchers said. Regular vaccinations are needed, not only a one-time campaign, as the disease can be easily reintroduced from dogs and wildlife in neighboring unvaccinated regions.
Fitzpatrick collaborated on the research with Yale School of Public Health professors Alison Galvani and A. David Paltiel and with colleagues from the University of Glasgow and the Serengeti Health Initiative.