WEBVTT NOTE duration:"00:05:52" NOTE recognizability:0.897 NOTE language:en-us NOTE Confidence: 0.854448368571428 00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:03.800 All right. So thank you seminar committee for NOTE Confidence: 0.854448368571428 00:00:03.800 --> 00:00:07.355 giving me this opportunity to talk, right. NOTE Confidence: 0.854448368571428 00:00:07.355 --> 00:00:08.775 I'm a senior research NOTE Confidence: 0.854448368571428 00:00:08.775 --> 00:00:10.195 scientist in the department. NOTE Confidence: 0.854448368571428 00:00:10.200 --> 00:00:13.063 I also Co teach the vector biology NOTE Confidence: 0.854448368571428 00:00:13.063 --> 00:00:14.760 course with Doctor Axoy. NOTE Confidence: 0.854448368571428 00:00:14.760 --> 00:00:17.115 My interests are arthropod disease NOTE Confidence: 0.854448368571428 00:00:17.115 --> 00:00:19.470 vectors and they're microorganisms and NOTE Confidence: 0.854448368571428 00:00:19.539 --> 00:00:21.795 I work specifically with TETSI fly. NOTE Confidence: 0.854448368571428 00:00:21.800 --> 00:00:25.440 So this is a TETSI fly down here. NOTE Confidence: 0.854448368571428 00:00:25.440 --> 00:00:27.474 Many of you may not have seen one before. NOTE Confidence: 0.854448368571428 00:00:27.480 --> 00:00:28.680 From from a size perspective, NOTE Confidence: 0.854448368571428 00:00:28.680 --> 00:00:31.008 they're about the size of a large house NOTE Confidence: 0.854448368571428 00:00:31.008 --> 00:00:33.394 fly and they're found exclusively in NOTE Confidence: 0.854448368571428 00:00:33.394 --> 00:00:35.998 tropical and parts of subtropical Africa. NOTE Confidence: 0.854448368571428 00:00:36.000 --> 00:00:36.819 In the wild, NOTE Confidence: 0.854448368571428 00:00:36.819 --> 00:00:39.120 I should point out now we have a NOTE Confidence: 0.854448368571428 00:00:39.120 --> 00:00:41.388 colony of these flies right in this NOTE Confidence: 0.854448368571428 00:00:41.388 --> 00:00:43.680 building on the 6th floor here. NOTE Confidence: 0.854448368571428 00:00:43.680 --> 00:00:46.060 It's the only self-sustaining taxi NOTE Confidence: 0.854448368571428 00:00:46.060 --> 00:00:48.440 colony in the Western Hemisphere. NOTE Confidence: 0.854448368571428 00:00:48.440 --> 00:00:50.554 You're a vector biology nerd like myself, NOTE Confidence: 0.854448368571428 00:00:50.560 --> 00:00:52.678 that's pretty cool. NOTE Confidence: 0.854448368571428 00:00:52.680 --> 00:00:54.176 So this is what we used to do NOTE Confidence: 0.854448368571428 00:00:54.176 --> 00:00:55.080 all of our work. NOTE Confidence: 0.854448368571428 00:00:55.080 --> 00:00:57.321 And then we also go into the field in NOTE Confidence: 0.854448368571428 00:00:57.321 --> 00:00:59.557 Africa and work with these flies as well. NOTE Confidence: 0.854448368571428 00:00:59.560 --> 00:01:01.448 All right, NOTE Confidence: 0.854448368571428 00:01:01.448 --> 00:01:04.400 so Tetsi flies are most well known as the NOTE Confidence: 0.854448368571428 00:01:04.475 --> 00:01:06.702 vectors of pathogenic African turpanosomes. NOTE Confidence: 0.854448368571428 00:01:06.702 --> 00:01:09.140 These are some here circulating NOTE Confidence: 0.854448368571428 00:01:09.140 --> 00:01:11.040 with some red blood cells, NOTE Confidence: 0.854448368571428 00:01:11.040 --> 00:01:13.345 and these parasites are the NOTE Confidence: 0.854448368571428 00:01:13.345 --> 00:01:15.650 causative agents of human and NOTE Confidence: 0.854448368571428 00:01:15.733 --> 00:01:18.160 animal African Turpanosomyces. NOTE Confidence: 0.854448368571428 00:01:18.160 --> 00:01:21.070 Some of the more epidemiologically NOTE Confidence: 0.854448368571428 00:01:21.070 --> 00:01:23.398 important species are here. NOTE Confidence: 0.854448368571428 00:01:23.400 --> 00:01:24.328 They're very interesting creatures. NOTE Confidence: 0.854448368571428 00:01:24.328 --> 00:01:26.199 I'm not going to talk about them at all, NOTE Confidence: 0.854448368571428 00:01:26.200 --> 00:01:28.756 but if you're interested in parasites, NOTE Confidence: 0.854448368571428 00:01:28.760 --> 00:01:29.912 they're they're the most NOTE Confidence: 0.854448368571428 00:01:29.912 --> 00:01:31.352 interesting ones in my opinion, NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:01:33.480 --> 00:01:34.677 right? So if you go out into NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:01:34.677 --> 00:01:35.680 the field and you sample, NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:01:35.680 --> 00:01:38.560 let's say in Africa, you sample 100 flies, NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:01:38.560 --> 00:01:41.280 you might find a couple, NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:01:41.280 --> 00:01:43.835 you know, maybe 20 at the most, NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:01:43.840 --> 00:01:46.400 that are infected with trepanosomes. NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:01:46.400 --> 00:01:48.997 But every single Tetsi fly that you NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:01:48.997 --> 00:01:51.900 collect and that you find houses a NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:01:51.900 --> 00:01:54.180 consortium of endosymbiotic bacteria NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:01:54.180 --> 00:01:56.760 that reside exclusively within it. NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:01:56.760 --> 00:01:57.930 And there's four of them NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:01:57.930 --> 00:01:59.360 that we know about so far. NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:01:59.360 --> 00:02:03.160 There could be more, and they're listed here. NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:02:03.160 --> 00:02:05.400 So every single Tetsi fly has the NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:02:05.400 --> 00:02:07.720 bacterium from the genus Wigglesworthia, NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:02:07.720 --> 00:02:09.920 and that's an obligate symbiosis. NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:02:09.920 --> 00:02:11.390 So neither Organism can live NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:02:11.390 --> 00:02:13.280 in the absence of the other. NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:02:13.280 --> 00:02:17.116 And then depending on environmental cues and, NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:02:17.120 --> 00:02:18.932 you know, temperature, humidity, NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:02:18.932 --> 00:02:21.980 so on, there might be some combination NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:02:21.980 --> 00:02:24.120 of the other three endosymbiotes. NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:02:24.120 --> 00:02:25.365 And these organisms, NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:02:25.365 --> 00:02:27.855 this fly and these microbes are NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:02:27.855 --> 00:02:29.913 very intimately associated with NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:02:29.913 --> 00:02:32.696 one another from a physiological NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:02:32.696 --> 00:02:34.520 and biological perspective. NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:02:34.520 --> 00:02:36.752 So touchy flies are also very NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:02:36.752 --> 00:02:38.240 unique because unlike basically NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:02:38.308 --> 00:02:40.078 every other insect they give, NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:02:40.080 --> 00:02:43.228 they give birth to live young and these, NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:02:43.228 --> 00:02:44.890 these endosymbiotic bacteria NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:02:44.890 --> 00:02:47.106 are maternally transmitted from NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:02:47.106 --> 00:02:49.439 the mom to these offspring. NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:02:49.440 --> 00:02:50.625 That's a larval, NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:02:50.625 --> 00:02:53.306 A larval tessie fly right there while NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:02:53.306 --> 00:02:54.836 it's developing within the mom. NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:02:54.840 --> 00:02:57.653 So that's how they're transmitted and NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:02:57.653 --> 00:03:00.718 if you interrupt that transmission, NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:03:00.720 --> 00:03:03.919 this offspring and it develops without them, NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:03:03.920 --> 00:03:06.866 it's biologically compromised NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:03:06.866 --> 00:03:09.008 in many ways and that's what we NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:03:09.008 --> 00:03:10.640 look at in in our group. NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:03:10.640 --> 00:03:12.509 So the ultimate goal of the research NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:03:12.509 --> 00:03:14.650 that we do in our in our group is NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:03:14.650 --> 00:03:17.265 to kind of decipher just the basic NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:03:17.265 --> 00:03:19.013 molecular mechanisms that underlie NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:03:19.013 --> 00:03:21.480 Tetsy fly endosymbiont interactions, NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:03:21.480 --> 00:03:23.320 because it's just very NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:03:23.320 --> 00:03:24.240 interesting biologically. NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:03:24.240 --> 00:03:26.584 And then also of course we want to NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:03:26.584 --> 00:03:29.104 try and use this knowledge that we NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:03:29.104 --> 00:03:32.342 learn to develop novel ways to control NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:03:32.342 --> 00:03:35.720 the spread of Tetsy borne diseases. NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:03:35.720 --> 00:03:36.772 All right. NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:03:36.772 --> 00:03:40.448 So over the years we have come up NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:03:40.448 --> 00:03:42.960 with ways to eliminate either all NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:03:42.960 --> 00:03:45.560 of these symbionts or you know, NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:03:45.560 --> 00:03:46.976 different ones, different combinations. NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:03:46.976 --> 00:03:49.440 And then we can by doing that, NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:03:49.440 --> 00:03:51.512 we can look at the phenotypes of NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:03:51.512 --> 00:03:54.560 these flies and determine, you know, NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:03:54.560 --> 00:03:56.716 you know, the nature of these interactions. NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:03:56.720 --> 00:03:59.600 And to make a very long story very short, NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:03:59.600 --> 00:04:01.877 these are some of the main things we found. NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:04:01.880 --> 00:04:04.680 We found that when flies are dysbiotic, NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:04:04.680 --> 00:04:08.120 so when they're symbiotes are, NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:04:08.120 --> 00:04:10.196 you know, altered by us experimentally, NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:04:10.200 --> 00:04:12.874 they can't find hosts and they they, NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:04:12.880 --> 00:04:14.638 they don't find mates as well. NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:04:14.640 --> 00:04:16.796 They become reproductively sterile NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:04:16.796 --> 00:04:18.952 because the symbiotes provide NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:04:18.952 --> 00:04:20.800 nutrients if they need. NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:04:20.800 --> 00:04:22.108 They're they're immunocompromised. NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:04:22.108 --> 00:04:25.160 And also depending on which one's missing, NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:04:25.160 --> 00:04:27.585 they're either more or less NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:04:27.585 --> 00:04:29.040 susceptible to trepanosomes. NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:04:29.040 --> 00:04:31.035 And the more we learn about this, NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:04:31.040 --> 00:04:31.680 you know, the more we, NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:04:31.680 --> 00:04:32.021 again, NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:04:32.021 --> 00:04:34.408 we can apply this information to developing NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:04:34.408 --> 00:04:36.640 these novel Disease Control strategies. NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:04:36.640 --> 00:04:38.176 So for example, NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:04:38.176 --> 00:04:39.200 you could, NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:04:39.200 --> 00:04:40.080 you know, NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:04:40.080 --> 00:04:42.740 you could figure out how to inhibit NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:04:42.740 --> 00:04:44.520 the the symbionts ability to NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:04:44.593 --> 00:04:46.849 produce vitamins and you would lower NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:04:46.849 --> 00:04:49.479 fecundity of the fly and fewer flies, NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:04:49.480 --> 00:04:50.746 less disease transmission. NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:04:50.746 --> 00:04:52.434 That's just one example. NOTE Confidence: 0.899959875 00:04:52.440 --> 00:04:55.000 So I like to just conclude with this, NOTE Confidence: 0.956484825714286 00:04:55.000 --> 00:04:58.012 this is just a really interesting NOTE Confidence: 0.956484825714286 00:04:58.012 --> 00:05:00.155 diagram of physiological similarities NOTE Confidence: 0.956484825714286 00:05:00.155 --> 00:05:02.880 between humans and fruit flies. NOTE Confidence: 0.956484825714286 00:05:02.880 --> 00:05:04.728 And I cheated and added Tetsy NOTE Confidence: 0.956484825714286 00:05:04.728 --> 00:05:06.640 fly because it's the same also, NOTE Confidence: 0.956484825714286 00:05:06.640 --> 00:05:08.800 but they're very similar actually, NOTE Confidence: 0.956484825714286 00:05:08.800 --> 00:05:10.834 you know, they they share similar NOTE Confidence: 0.956484825714286 00:05:10.834 --> 00:05:12.880 organ systems and similar cell types. NOTE Confidence: 0.956484825714286 00:05:12.880 --> 00:05:15.489 And what we can learn from these flies, NOTE Confidence: 0.956484825714286 00:05:15.489 --> 00:05:17.925 you know, it's conspicuously NOTE Confidence: 0.956484825714286 00:05:17.925 --> 00:05:20.361 applicable to developing hypothesis NOTE Confidence: 0.956484825714286 00:05:20.361 --> 00:05:22.838 for more advanced systems. NOTE Confidence: 0.956484825714286 00:05:22.840 --> 00:05:26.184 And case in point is the 2011 Nobel NOTE Confidence: 0.956484825714286 00:05:26.184 --> 00:05:28.176 Prize in Physiology and Medicine was NOTE Confidence: 0.956484825714286 00:05:28.176 --> 00:05:30.412 awarded to a group that deciphered the NOTE Confidence: 0.956484825714286 00:05:30.412 --> 00:05:32.560 innate immune system of a fruit fly. NOTE Confidence: 0.956484825714286 00:05:32.560 --> 00:05:33.840 And as it turns out, NOTE Confidence: 0.956484825714286 00:05:33.840 --> 00:05:36.198 it's highly conserved in all animals. NOTE Confidence: 0.956484825714286 00:05:36.200 --> 00:05:38.314 And what we know about human innate NOTE Confidence: 0.956484825714286 00:05:38.314 --> 00:05:40.438 immunity kind of came from that work. NOTE Confidence: 0.956484825714286 00:05:40.440 --> 00:05:42.000 All right. So I thank you for listening. NOTE Confidence: 0.956484825714286 00:05:42.000 --> 00:05:44.555 This is my wonderful group of colleagues. NOTE Confidence: 0.956484825714286 00:05:44.560 --> 00:05:46.810 That's how you can reach me if you want NOTE Confidence: 0.956484825714286 00:05:46.810 --> 00:05:49.706 to talk or see the flies or anything. NOTE Confidence: 0.956484825714286 00:05:49.706 --> 00:05:51.998 Thank you.